fungi and fungal disease

Question 1

candidia treatments more specific

Answer 1

• azole usch as flucanazole, clotrimazole or nystatin

Question 2

what is an candidia, who does it affect, what is its pathogenesis, what triggers its pathogenesis, what are its treatments

Answer 2

• fungal infection
• affects immunocompetent ppl
• pathogenesis includes hyphae switching which is triggered by environment such as changes in ph, temp, flora
• antibiotics can trigger hyphae switching- changes in ph
• hyphae allow invasion to tissue
  -yeast allows spread in blood- candidia can be in form of yeast
• treatment include azoles

Question 3

what is azole

Answer 3

used to treat fungal infection, inhibit cell wall synthesis

Question 4

where does candidia affect

Answer 4

• vagina
• mouth/oral
• nappy rash
• under the breast

Question 5

what is dermatophyte, who does it affect, and what is its pathogenicity

Answer 5

• type of fungal infection which affects immunocompetent patients
• most prevelant fungal infection (1-10)
• pathogenecity- spores land on skin, nails- utalises keratin as a nutrient source

Question 6

what are the types of dermatophytes

Answer 6

• tinea capitis (head)
• tinea corposis ( abdomen- rash)
• tinea manumm (hand)
• tinea cruris (genitals)
• tinea pedis (foot)

Question 7

what is an example of an endemic (not from uk) dimorphic fungal infection

Answer 7

-histoplasma capsulatum
- affects immunocompetent
- comes from mississippi valley in America
- aysymptomatic most cases, flu like ilness
- cause pulmanory infection

Question 8

what is invasive candidias, the types, diagnosis

Answer 8

• affects immunocomprimised patients
• yeast
• endogenous and exogenous sources
• candidemia - when it gets into blood
• deep seated candidiasis - when it gets into sterile ares of body e.g. liver, behind the eye, peritoneum cavity etc
• normal candidias affect mucosal surface- causes infection
• diagnosis includes blood culture, real-time pcr, serology

Question 9

what is the endogenous and exogenous sources of invasive candidias

Answer 9

• endogenous ( bowel surgery, broad spectrum antibiotics)
• exogenous ( itu instrumentation, hands of healthcare workers, vaginal tract during birth delivery

Question 10

what is invasive cryptococcus, who does it affect, diagnosis, what can it cause

Answer 10

• affects immunocompromised patients specifically patients with HIV, renal tx
• cause cns disease- neurotropic >meningitis
• cause pulmanory cryptoccocus - self limiting pneumonia
  diagnosis- csf, biopsy or serum, microscopy (india ink), histopathology, antigen testing

Question 11

what is pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp), who does it affect, clinical presentation, diagnosis

Answer 11

• affects immunocompromised patients
• clinical presentation- hiv patients, hypoxia, fever, cd4 count low
• microscopy, cpr, serology, radiology ( abnormal on ct/x ray scan)

Question 12

what is invasive aspergillosis

Answer 12

• affects immunocompromised patients
• mould infection
• symptoms- fever, non responsive antibioitcs >4 days, cough, chest pain, breathlessness, haemoptysis
• primarily a pulmanory infection
• diagnosis- ct scan, fungal culture, elisa, microscopy/histopathology

Question 13

what is invasive mucoraceous mould infection

Answer 13

• medical emmergency, surigcal intervention
• severe immunocompromised
• rapidly growing fungi
  primarily rhinocerebral infection