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Step 1 Microbiology - First Aid 2017 > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi with geographic location in Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys

A

Histoplasmosis

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2
Q

Macrophages filled with intracellular oval bodies and transmitted via bird or bat droppings after cave exploring. What is organism?

A

Histoplasmosis

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3
Q

How is Histoplasmosis diagnosed?

A

Urine or Serum antigen test

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4
Q

Fungus that is smaller than RBC inside macrophage and is cold in mold and yeast in the heat

A

Histoplasma

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5
Q

Systemic infection that causes palatal/tongue ulcers, erythema nodosum and hepatosplenomegaly

A

Histoplasmosis

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6
Q

Treatment of choice for Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and Histoplasma local infections

A

Itraconazole

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7
Q

Treatment of choice for Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Candida and Cryptococcus infections

A

Amphotericin B

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8
Q

Amphotericin B mechanism of action

A

Binds ergosterol forming membrane pores allowing leakage of electrolytes

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9
Q

Azoles mechanism of action

A

Blocks cytochrome P450 that converts lanosterol to ergosterol

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10
Q

Azole of choice for Aspergillus and some Candida infections

A

Voriconazole

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11
Q

Azole of choice for serious Aspergillus and Mucorales infections

A

Isavuconazole

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12
Q

Treatment of choice for topical fungal infections

A

Clotrimazole and miconazole

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13
Q

Adjuvant that may be added to Cryptococcus infection in addition to amphotericin B

A

Flucytosine

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14
Q

Gynecomastia is seen with treatment of what antifungal?

A

Ketoconazole

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15
Q

Fungus geographically found in Great Lakes and Ohio River Valley (Eastern and Central US)

A

Blastomyces

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16
Q

Broad-based budding organism forming patchy infiltrate with cavitary lesions in lungs near Great Lakes area

A

Blastomyces

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17
Q

Blastomyces inflammatory lung disease can disseminate where?

A

Skin and bones

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18
Q

Local Blastomyces infection presents how?

A

Local pneumonia

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19
Q

Fungus that appears as spherules filled with endospores in the lung

A

Coccidioidomycosis

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20
Q

Fungal infection that is strongly associated with erythema nodosum

A

Coccidioidomycosis

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21
Q

Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis infection can cause what

A

Skin and bone infections and meningitis in immunocompromised

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22
Q

Fungus geographically found in South America and looks like budding yeast with “captain’s wheel” formation

A

Paracoccidioidomycosis

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23
Q

Mode of transmission of Paracoccidioidomycosis

A

Respiratory droplets

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24
Q

Fungus that presents with cervical lymphadenopathy, Mucocutaneous lesions, and progresses to granulomas in lungs

A

Paracoccidioidomycosis

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25
Q

Fungus with spaghetti and meatball appearance that causes hypo/hyperpigmented skin patches

A

Malassezia furfur

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26
Q

Tinea versicolor is caused by what organism?

A

Malassezia

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27
Q

Malassezia mechanism of action

A

Lipids degradation produces acids damaging melanocytes causing hyper/hypopigmented skin patches

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28
Q

Epithelial layer damaged by Malassezia

A

Stratum corneum of epithelium

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29
Q

Treatment for Malassezia furfur

A

Selenium sulfide

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30
Q

Fungus best visualized under Wood’s lamp

A

Microsporum

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31
Q

Onychomycosis

A

Fungal infection of nails caused by Tinea unguium

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32
Q

Treatment for Onychomycosis

A

Oral turbinafine

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33
Q

Treatment for severe infections of Onychomycosis

A

Griseofulvin

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34
Q

Turbinafine mechanism of action

A

Inhibits fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase

35
Q

Griseofulvin mechanism of action

A

Interferes with microtubule function

36
Q

Antifungal that disrupts mitosis

A

Griseofulvin

37
Q

Cigar-shaped budding yeast that grows in branching hyphae with rosettes of conidia

A

Sporothrix schenckii

38
Q

Best treatment for patient working in garden who developed ulcers with nodules in an ascending pattern of draining lymphatics

A

Itraconazole or potassium iodide

39
Q

Fungus that forms germ tubes at 37 degrees

A

Candida albicans

40
Q

Fungus that forms pseudo hyphae and budding yeast at 20 degrees

A

Candida albicans

41
Q

Fungus that is catalase positive and is normal flora of GI tract and oropharynx

A

Candida albicans

42
Q

Common cause of diaper rash

A

Candidiasis

43
Q

Oral thrush is caused by what and seen in what population group

A

Caused by Candida in immunocompromised

44
Q

Difference between leukoplakia and oral thrush

A

Oral thrush can be scraped off

45
Q

Patients on oral/inhaled steroids who fail to rinse mouth are at risk for what

A

Oral Candidiasis (oral thrush)

46
Q

Candidal esophagitis in HIV patients develops at what CD4 count?

A

CD4 count < 100

47
Q

Candidal vulvovaginitis is common in what population group?

A

Diabetics and women who use antibiotics or OCPs

48
Q

IV drug user is at risk for what from which fungal infection

A

Candidal endocarditis more commonly tricuspid valve

49
Q

Common treatment for oral candidiasis

A

Nystatin swish and swallow

50
Q

Treatment for disseminated/resistant Candidiasis

A

Caspofungin

51
Q

What drugs are Echinocandins?

A

Micafungin, Anidulafungin, Caspofungin

52
Q

Echinocandins mechanism of action

A

Block cell wall synthesis by inhibiting beta-glucan

53
Q

Nystatin mechanism of action

A

Binds ergosterol forming membrane pores allowing leakage of electrolytes

54
Q

Antifungals that bind ergosterol and form membrane pores

A

Amphotericin B and Nystatin

55
Q

Flucytosine mechanism of action

A

Blocks DNA and RNA biosynthesis by conversion to 5-fluorouracil

56
Q

Enzyme involved in converting Flucytosine to 5-fluorouracil

A

Cytosine deaminase

57
Q

Catalase positive organism associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and forms septate hyphae with acute angle branching

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

58
Q

Fungus that forms conidia in radiating chains at end of conidiophore

A

Aspergillus

59
Q

Fungus that can cause a hypersensitivity response associated with asthma and cystic fibrosis

A

Aspergillus

60
Q

Bronchiectasis visualized on chest x-ray with eosinophilia in an asthmatic is associated with what organism

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

61
Q

Catalase positive fungi

A

Candida and Aspergillus

62
Q

Condition that causes wheezing, fever, and migratory pulmonary infiltrate in an asthmatic with eosinophilia

A

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)

63
Q

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis is associated with what type of hypersensitivity reaction

64
Q

Gravity dependent fungus balls that appear after TB infection

A

Aspergillomas

65
Q

Disease in patient with ring enhancing brain lesion, kidney failure, and endocarditis with hemoptysis and acute angle hyphae seen in blood vessels

A

Angioinvasive aspergillosis

66
Q

Necrosis around nose with acute angle branching hyphae

A

Aspergillosis

67
Q

Angioinvasive aspergillosis treatment

A

Amphotericin B

68
Q

Aspergillosis treatment of choice

A

Voriconazole

69
Q

Encapsulated, urease positive organism with repeating polysaccharide capsular antigens found in pigeon droppings

A

Cryptococcus

70
Q

Most common cause of fungal meningitis and presents with fever and pneumonia

A

Cryptococcus

71
Q

Latex agglutination test detects polysaccharide capsular antigen, clear halo on India ink and “soap bubble lesions” in brain gray matter. What is organism

A

Cryptococcus

72
Q

Order of treatment for Cryptococcal meningitis

A

Amphotericin B + flucytosine followed by fluconazole

73
Q

Most common predisposing risk factor for Mucormycosis

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

74
Q

Organism with non-septate, wide-angle branching hyphae causing necrosis of the nose

A

Mucormycosis

75
Q

Mucormycosis mechanism of infection

A

Invades blood vessel walls then enters cribriform plate

76
Q

Black eschar in nasal cavity in patient with DKA

A

Mucormycosis

77
Q

Treatment for Mucormycosis infection

A

Surgical debridement of necrotic tissue and amphotericin B

78
Q

Patient with CD4 count < 200, and diffuse interstitial ground-glass appearance on x-ray

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia

79
Q

How do you confirm diagnosis in patient with CD4 count < 200, and diffuse interstitial ground-glass appearance on x-ray

A

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) stained with methamine silver

80
Q

Disc-shaped yeast on methamine silver stain

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii

81
Q

Drug used for treatment and prophylaxis of Pneumocystis infection

82
Q

When do you start prophylaxis treatment for Pneumocystis infection

A

CD4 count < 200 cells

83
Q

Drug used for Pneumocystis infection in someone with sulfa allergy

A

Pentamidine

Step 1 Microbiology - First Aid 2017 (7 decks)

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