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Medical Microbiology > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Tubes with two types coenocytic hyphae and septate have walls between each nuclei coencytic don’t

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2
Q

What are spores?

A

Haploid cells (gametes) can be produced sexually or asexually. Dispersed by water or wind

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3
Q

Asexual fungal life cycle?

A

Mycelium - spore producing structure - spores - germination

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4
Q

What is sexual fungal life cycle?

A

Mycelium, plasmogamy, dikaryotic stage, karyogamy , diploid stage, meiosis, spore producing structure spores, germination.

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5
Q

What are the environmental roles of fungi?

A

Decomposers-breakdown dead stuff
Symbionts- mutualism with other species
Pathogens/parasites- feed off living organisms

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6
Q

What makes fungi good decomposes?

A

Their hyphae penetrate large items and have enzymes to breakdown lignin meaning they can break down wood. Also means they release nutrients for other organisms.

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7
Q

What is an example of symbionts?

A
  • mycorrhiza
  • lichens
  • ants/termites
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8
Q

What is mycorrhiza?

A

You get ecto- and endo- mycorrhiza which supply plant with nutrients and plant supplies with carbohydrates.

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9
Q

What are lichens?

A

The symbiosis of fungi and green algae/Cyanobacteria. Algae provides nutrients fungi supplies a stable environment to live.

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10
Q

What are the two types of parasites?

A

Obligate and opportunistic

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11
Q

What are obligate parasites?

A

Can not fulfill their lifecycle without a host

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12
Q

What are opportunistic parasites?

A

Normally not parasitic but make use of the opportunity

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13
Q

What are entomopathogenic fungi?

A

Fungi that land on insects and use them to grow

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14
Q

What fungi can be used recreationally?

A

Basidiomycota ( magic mushrooms) active ingredients psilocybin and psilocin.

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15
Q

Name three types of ways fungi are used in agriculture?

A

Nemophatagous fungi
Crop yields boosting
Mycorrmediation

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16
Q

What are nemophatagous fungi?

A

Fungi used to control how much nematodes attack the roots of plants

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17
Q

What are crop yield boosting fungi?

A

Mycorrhiza increase crop yield

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18
Q

What is mycorrmediation?

A

Use fungi to decontaminate environments such as heavy metals pesticides wood as they absorbed them and break them down

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19
Q

How was penicillin discovered?

A

Discovered through there being inhibition zones around fungi colonies on Petri dishes evolved so they can compete against bacteria

20
Q

Name a poisonous fungi species?

A

Amanita species which contains Amatoxins.

21
Q

What are amatoxins?

A

They are toxins that inhibit RNA pol2 which prevent metabolism leading to cell lysis

22
Q

What do alkaloids effect?

A

Nervous system and vascular system.

23
Q

How do alkaloid effect the nervous system?

A

Muscle spasms, fever, hallucination, nausea, seizures, vomiting and death

24
Q

How do alkaloids effect the vascular system?

A

Violent burning, shooting pains in fingers toes.

25
Q

What is the treatment for alkaloids?

A

Nitroprusian and nitroglycerin

26
Q

Name a tree pathogen?

A

Dutch elm disease

27
Q

What is the vector for Dutch elm disease?

A

Bark beetles

28
Q

What is candidiasis?

A

Dimorphic (yeast/filament) that break down cellulose and lignin. Treated with fungicides can cause thrush.

29
Q

What is Dermatophytosis?

A

This is the fungus that causes athletes foot through spores. Can be carried by cats and dogs.

30
Q

What is aspergillosis?

A

A fungus caused by spores and forms aspergilloma ( fungus balls) in the lungs

31
Q

What is cryptococcosis?

A

A fungus that when breathed in infects the lungs and CNS can cause meningitis or meningeocephilitis

32
Q

What are microsporidia?

A

A phylum if single celled eukaryotes, that are obligate parasites

33
Q

What is the structure of microsporidia?

A

Eukaryotes with one or two nuclei that have small projections to increase surface area. They have lots of ribosomes but no mitochondria.

34
Q

T

A

T

35
Q

What is microsporidia host range?

A

Infect wide range of organisms except plants

36
Q

Microsporidia in humans?

A

12 types that infect humans. Most opportunistic parasites to immune-suppressed individuals

37
Q

Two ways to get energy?

A

Heterotrophs

Autotrophs

38
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

Animals that eat or consume in order to get building blocks for life

39
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

Animals that produce they’re own food

40
Q

What trophs are humans?

A

Chemoorganoheterotroph

41
Q

What are the two types of chemotrophs?

A

Chemoorganotrophs

Chemolithotrophs

42
Q

What are chemoorganotrophs?

A

Gain energy and electrons from organic compounds

43
Q

What are chemolithotrophs?

A

Gain energy and electrons from inorganic compounds

44
Q

What are phototrophs?

A

Gain energy from sunlight (plants and Cyanobacteria

45
Q

What are limitations of lab cultivation?

A
  • poor mimic of physiological and ecological conditions

- not all genetic traits are shown by lab conditions

Medical Microbiology (11 decks)

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