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Medical Microbiology > Bacteriology > Flashcards

Bacteriology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define a species

A

A fundamental ecological genetic unit, that are reproductively isolated

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2
Q

What factors influence speciation in bacteria?

A

Fast generation times
Adaptive mutations
Horizontal gene transfer

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3
Q

What way can you get horizontal gene transfer?

A

Transformation, transduction and conjugation

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4
Q

What is transformation gene transfer?

A

Uptake of naked DNA by a bacteria

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5
Q

What is transduction gene transfer?

A

Bacterial DNA transferred by a phage

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6
Q

What is conjugation gene transfer?

A

DNA transfer between bacterial cells like plasmids

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7
Q

What is a prophage?

A

When a bacteriophage inserts DNA into the bacteria DNA

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8
Q

What is polyphasic taxonomy?

A

Done by consensus classification using phenotypic genotypes and phylogenic data.

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9
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

Structured populations of microorganisms and they live within their own extracellular polymeric substances

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10
Q

Biofilm characteristics?

A

High biodiversity
Retention of exoenzymes
Retention in nucleic acids
Increased antibiotic resistance

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11
Q

Biofilm life cycle?

A

Reversible attachment, irreversible attachment, maturation (colony formation) maturation 2 (continuous biofilm), dispersion/sloughing off, transport of biofilm particles.

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12
Q

What are biofilm particles called?

A

Flocs

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13
Q

What is the EPS?

A

Extracellular polymeric substances

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14
Q

What happens during reversible adhesion of biofilm?

A

They use long distance forces to hold them 5-20nm away from the surface. Little energy is needed to remove the biofilm

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15
Q

What happens during irreversible adhesion?

A

Binding is mediated by polymer bridges. Specific adhesion/ receptor based processes

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16
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Selective permeability
Transport proteins
Major site or energy conservation/consumption

17
Q

What makes structure of cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan rigid polysaccharide that forms a sheet around the cell connected by polymers

18
Q

What do gram-negative bacteria contain in their cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan

19
Q

What is microbial locomotion?

A

Microbes using eg: flagella or has vesicles to move around their environment

20
Q

What are flagella?

A

Long thin appendages used to move a microbe they contain the protein flagellin

21
Q

What is a microbe with Atrichous flagella?

A

No flagella

22
Q

What is a microbe with monotrichous flagella?

A

Single flagella

23
Q

What is a microbe with lophotrichous flagella?

A

Mutliple flagella in the same place

24
Q

What is a microbe with Amphitrichous flagella?

A

Single flagella at each end

25
Q

What is a microbe with petritrichous flagella?

A

Numerous flagella around cell structure

26
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement of a motile cell up or down a concentration of a molecule towards a particular substance

27
Q

What is gliding chemotaxis?

A

Use of pilli for propulsion

28
Q

What is Twitching chemotaxis?

A

Involve pilli extending tethering and retracting to pull them along. Type 4 pilli

29
Q

What is swarming chemotaxis?

A

Rapid coordinated behaviour described as multi cellular

30
Q

What are fimbrae and pili?

A

Important adherence mechanisms. Two types conjugation (sex) pilli or type. 4

Medical Microbiology (11 decks)

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