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FCP - Disease Week > Fungal Disease - Clinical and Pathological Changes > Flashcards

Fungal Disease - Clinical and Pathological Changes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the mechanisms that fungi cause disease?

A

Tissue invasion - mycosis
Toxin production - Mycotoxicosis
Hypersensitivity

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2
Q

Pathological changes in Mycoses

A
  1. Acute suppurative inflammation
  2. Chronic inflammation
  3. Necrosis
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3
Q

Acute suppurative inflammation

A

Predominantly neutrophilic inflammation
Purulent
May have microabsesses

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4
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Complex cell walls aren’t fully degraded when phagocytosed so cause chronic inflammation
* Pyogranulomatous or granulomatous
* Involves macrophages
* Fungal material released into tissues when phagocytes die - causes recruitment of macrophages + cytokines

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5
Q

Necrosis

A

If fungi invade blood vessels it causes infarction and therefore tissue death

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6
Q

Superficial mycoses examples

A

Dermatophytosis - ringworm
Dermatomycosis - malassezia, candida

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7
Q

Dermatophytosis clinical signs

A

Affects keratinised structures
* Alopecia
* Claw disease
* Papules
* pustules

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8
Q

Malassezia infection clinical signs

A

Erythema
Scale
Hair loss
Lichenification (if chronic)

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9
Q

Candida infection clinical signs

A

Rare in small animals
Affects skin and mucosae
Ulcers/erosions covered with tenacious yellow/grey exudate

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10
Q

Clinical signs of subcutaneous mycoses

A

Cutaneous papule or subcutaneous nodules
+/- ulceration
Most commonly on feet/limbs or head
Regional lymphadenopathy

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11
Q

Clinical signs of systemic mycoses

A

Granulomas/pygranulomas/necrosis in organs
Systemic illness

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12
Q

Manifestation of Aspergillosis

A

Common soil saprophyte with occasional pathogenic effects
* Inhalation
Local respiratory infections - birds
Guttural pouch mycoses - horses
Nasal aspergillosis - dolichocephalic dogs
* Local inoculation
Keratitis - horse
Mastitis - cattle
* Haematogenous spread from GIT
Mycotic placentitis/abortion - cattle

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13
Q

Diagnostic Tests for Fungal infections

A
  1. Direct microscopic examination
  2. Fungal culture
  3. Histopathology
  4. PCR and Wood’s lamp
  5. Latex agglutination
  6. ELISA
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14
Q

Direct microscopic examination

A

Hair pluck (Trichogram)
* For dermatophytosis
Cytology stained with diffquick
* Malassezia - direct/indirect impression smears or acetate tape strips
* Cryptococcus spp. - aspirates/direct smears of cutaneous lesions

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15
Q

Fungal culture

A

Hair, dry skin scrapings/scale, coat brushings
For dermatophytes
Tissue culture (from biopsy or PM material)
For superficial/deep mycoses

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16
Q

Which media is used for fungal culture?

A

Sabaurad dextrose agar
Incubation times/temps vary between fungi

17
Q

How can you speciate fungal culture?

A
  • Asexual spore type
  • Colony appearance
  • Features of vegetative hyphae
18
Q

Histopathology

A

Generally used for subcut/systemic mycoses
Request special fungal stains
* E.g. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
* E.g. Grocott-Gomori methenamine silver (GMS

19
Q

PCR and Wood’s lamp

A

For dermatophytosis

20
Q

What is the latex agglutination test used for?

A

Cryptococcal capsular antigen in serum/CSF/urine

21
Q

What is ELISA used for?

A

For Sporothrix schenkii antibodies

22
Q

What fungus causes Aflatoxicosis?

A

Aspergillus spp.

23
Q

Which crops have aspergillus spp?

A

Maize
Stored grain
Soybean

24
Q

Which species are affected by aflatoxicosis?

A
  • Cattle
  • Pigs
  • Poultry
  • Dogs
  • Trout
25
Q

Clinical signs of aflatoxicosis

A
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Immunosuppression
  • Mutagenesis/teratogenesis of fetus
  • Ill-thrift
26
Q

What is ill-thrift?

A

When stock grow at a slower growth rate than expected

27
Q

What species causes ergotism?

A

Claviseps spp.

28
Q

Which crops are claviseps spp. found on?

A

Seedbeds of Ryegrass
Other grasses
Cereals

29
Q

Which species are affected by ergotism?

A
  • Cattle
  • Pigs
  • Poultry
  • Deer
  • Sheep
  • Horses
30
Q

Clinical signs of ergotism

A
  • Neurotoxicity
  • Perinatal deaths (lambs, calves)
31
Q

Diagnosis methods for mycotoxicosis

A

Epidemiological features
* Outbreaks are usually seasonal
* associated with certain batches of food
Clinical signs
* Often ill-defined
Confirmation in feed or tissues of infected animals

32
Q

Clinical changes in induction of hypersensitivity

A

Depends on tissue type involved
Mainly type 1 hypersensitivity to fungi/moulds in chronic pulmonary disease
* Chronic cough
* Nasal discharge
* Occ resp distress
Pruritus in atopic dermatitis
Pruritus in malassezia mycoses

FCP - Disease Week (12 decks)

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