Fundoscopy Flashcards
what should you do before starting the fundoscopy
hand hygiene
introduce yourself
dim the lights
ask patient to remove their glasses and remove your own glasses unless you have a high prescription
use short acting mydriatic drops to dilate the pupils eg. tropic amide 0.5 or 1%
what should you do prior to pupil dilation
examine pupil reflexes and visual acuity and visual field because you won’t be able to do this once their pupils are dilated
where should the patient look and where should you stand
give the patient a target in the distance straight ahead of them
stay out of the patients line of sight (by standing about 15° to the side) to keep their eyes still and prevent pupil constriction which is caused by the accomodation reflex
to examine the patient’s right eye
use your right eye with the ophthalmoscopy in your right hand
line up their right with your right and vice versa
stand/sit at arms length
prior to fundoscopy you should examine
red reflex and examine the anterior segment (front part) of the eye
red reflex looks like
assessed at arms length by aiming the light beam into each pupil and observing the reflected glow which would be symmetrical orange/red colour
if the red reflex is absent or dull
this indicates an opacity somewhere in the ocular media (cornea, anterior chamber, lens or vitreous)
absent or dull red reflex in a newborn baby or infant
requires urgent referral to ophthalmology
may be due to a rare but serious intraoccqular tumour called retinoblastoma
tp examine the anterior segment
place the offhand on the patients forehead for stability
sit at 15° to the patient
examine the eye for conjunctival injection or corneal opacities
you’ll need to dial the lens to 10 for a clear view here
what does fundoscopy look like and what are the features you see on fundoscopy
how do you tell a vein from an artery
they’re wider and darker
vascular tortuosity looks like
this is seen in systemic hypertension
AV nicking looks like
this is seen in systemic hypertension
venous beading looks like
seen in severe diabetic retinopathy
two indicators of systemic hypertension seen on fundoscopy
AV nicking and tortuousity
perivascular abnormalities seen on fundoscopy include
cotton wool spots
retinal haemorrhages
retinal haemorrhage looks like
cotton wool spots looks like
you might see cotton wool spots in someone with
diabetic retinopathy