Fundoscopy Flashcards

1
Q

what should you do before starting the fundoscopy

A

hand hygiene
introduce yourself
dim the lights
ask patient to remove their glasses and remove your own glasses unless you have a high prescription
use short acting mydriatic drops to dilate the pupils eg. tropic amide 0.5 or 1%

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2
Q

what should you do prior to pupil dilation

A

examine pupil reflexes and visual acuity and visual field because you won’t be able to do this once their pupils are dilated

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3
Q

where should the patient look and where should you stand

A

give the patient a target in the distance straight ahead of them
stay out of the patients line of sight (by standing about 15° to the side) to keep their eyes still and prevent pupil constriction which is caused by the accomodation reflex

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4
Q

to examine the patient’s right eye

A

use your right eye with the ophthalmoscopy in your right hand
line up their right with your right and vice versa
stand/sit at arms length

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5
Q

prior to fundoscopy you should examine

A

red reflex and examine the anterior segment (front part) of the eye

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6
Q

red reflex looks like

A

assessed at arms length by aiming the light beam into each pupil and observing the reflected glow which would be symmetrical orange/red colour

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7
Q

if the red reflex is absent or dull

A

this indicates an opacity somewhere in the ocular media (cornea, anterior chamber, lens or vitreous)

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8
Q

absent or dull red reflex in a newborn baby or infant

A

requires urgent referral to ophthalmology
may be due to a rare but serious intraoccqular tumour called retinoblastoma

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9
Q

tp examine the anterior segment

A

place the offhand on the patients forehead for stability
sit at 15° to the patient
examine the eye for conjunctival injection or corneal opacities
you’ll need to dial the lens to 10 for a clear view here

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10
Q

what does fundoscopy look like and what are the features you see on fundoscopy

A
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11
Q

how do you tell a vein from an artery

A

they’re wider and darker

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12
Q

vascular tortuosity looks like

A

this is seen in systemic hypertension

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13
Q

AV nicking looks like

A

this is seen in systemic hypertension

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14
Q

venous beading looks like

A

seen in severe diabetic retinopathy

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15
Q

two indicators of systemic hypertension seen on fundoscopy

A

AV nicking and tortuousity

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16
Q

perivascular abnormalities seen on fundoscopy include

A

cotton wool spots
retinal haemorrhages

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17
Q

retinal haemorrhage looks like

A
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18
Q

cotton wool spots looks like

A
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19
Q

you might see cotton wool spots in someone with

A

diabetic retinopathy

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20
Q

you may see retinal haemorrhages in someone with

A

central retinal vein occlusion

21
Q

infratemporal quadrant

A
22
Q

intranasal quadrant

A
23
Q

supra nasal quadrant

A
24
Q

supratemproal quadrant

A
25
Q

where is the optic nerve located

A

in the nasal aspect of the fundus

26
Q

remember nerve is

A

nasal

27
Q

the three C’s of the optic disc

A
  1. colour
  2. cup
  3. contour
28
Q

the colour of the optic disc

A

normal colour is yellow
becomes pale is cases of ischaemic optic neuropathy or giant cell arteritis
or reddish in a hyperaemic optic disc from optic disc swelling

29
Q

contour of the optic disc

A

(margins/circumference of the disc)
should be well defined
if the contour is blurred this may be due to optic disc swelling

30
Q

if optic disc swelling is present in both eyes this is

A

this is papilloedema

31
Q

papilloedema is from

A

raised intracranial pressure or malignant hypertension
requires urgent attention

32
Q

causes of raised intracranial pressure that may cause papilloedema

A

intracranial tumour
idiopathic intracrhail hypertension
cerebral abscess
hydrocephalus

33
Q

central pale portion of the optic disc is called the

A

optic cup

34
Q

normal ratio of diameter between the optic cup and the optic. disc is

A

average cup to disc ratio is .3 to 0.5

35
Q

if the ratio above normal or there is a lot of asymmetry between the two discs this may indicate

A

possible glaucoma

36
Q

optic disc neovascularisation

A

fne frilly vessels seen in patients with diabetes

37
Q

how do you find the macula

A

temporal to the optic disc
or ask the patient to look directly into the light which should automatically should you their retina

38
Q

normal macula looks

A

dark orange or reddish

39
Q

drusen

A

seen in age related macula degeneration
seen over the macula

40
Q

hard exudate looks like

A

seen in diabetic retinopathy

41
Q

in patients with sudden painless loss of vision you should look for

A

a pale whiteish macula with a cherry red centre (“cherry red spot”)
this indicates central retinal artery occlusion

42
Q

how do you examine the retinal periphery

A

ask the patient to look up, down, left and right

43
Q

what abnormalities should you look for on the retinal periphery

A

pigmented ocular tumour
retinal detachment

44
Q

pigmented ocular tumour might look like

A
45
Q

normal fudus consists of

A
46
Q

green filter

A

also known as the red free filter
good for highlighting red structures
such as outline of blood vessels or micro aneurysms also known as dot haemorrhages

47
Q

what do dot haemorrhages look like under green filter

A
48
Q

papilloedema should be assumed to be

A

papilloadema should be assumed to be raised intracranial pressure due to a space occupying lesion in the brain until proven otherwise