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Ophthalmology 2023 > Fundamentals of Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the conjunctiva

A

clear epithelial cells laying on top of the sclera
should be able to move the conjunctiva over the sclera (you will see blood vessels moving over the white)

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2
Q

sclera is a continuation of the

A

cornea

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3
Q

choroid is a continuation of the

A

iris
the iris is a pigmented vascular structure that continues as the choroid

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4
Q

lifecycle of aqueous humour

A

biological salk water creted by the ciliary body
pumped into the posterior chamber
enters anterior chamber
drains out through the trabecular meshwork

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5
Q

what happens if the iris gets stuck to the lens

A

fluid is pumped through this gap, if the iris and the lens are closed then the fluid cannot flow
fluid accumulates in the intraoccqular space
increases intraoocular pressure and pushes the iris forward
call Acute angle closer glaucoma

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6
Q

acute angle closure glaucoma

A

the iris becomes attached to the lens
very painful, not uncommon
blurred vision, peri-orbital ache
increase in intraoccqular pressure

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7
Q

how do we drain tears

A

drains through the upper and lower punctae (singular punctum)
into the cannulinculus into lacrimal sack and down the naso-lacrimal duct

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8
Q

what are punctae

A

tiny holes in the eyelid for draining tears

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9
Q

what happens if the lacrimal sack gets infected

A

lacro-cystitis
can extend posteriorly and cause orbital cellulitis which is a threat to life

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10
Q

what is orbital cellulitis

A

infection
potential threat to life

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11
Q

peri-orbital cellulitis

A

peri-orbital erythema and oedema
you have to check: is this Peri-orbital cellulitis or orbital cellulitis
orbital cellulitis is a threat to life, peri-orbital cellulitis just needs oral antibiotics
peri-orbital cellulitis is just an infection of the skin and unusually co-incides with a sinus infection

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12
Q

what would peri-orbital cellulitis look like on a CT

A
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13
Q

peri-orbital cellulitis is an infection of

A

the skin

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14
Q

how would you know if there was orbital cellulitis on CT

A

check the tissue in the orbit - does it look symmetrical
the optic nerve loses its kink
may also be clogged up sinuses

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15
Q

which cranial nerves do eye movement

A

3, 4 and 6

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16
Q

lateral rectus is supplied by

A

6

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17
Q

superior oblique is supplied by

A

4

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18
Q

all other eye muscles are supplied by

A

3

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19
Q

if a patient has double vision only on lateral gaze

A

6th nerve palsy
horizontal diplopia on lateral gaze of the affected eye

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20
Q

4th nerve palsy causes

A

vertical diplopia usually on down gaze

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21
Q

4 nerve is responsible for

A

downward movement in adduction
looking in and down

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22
Q

3rd nerve palsy makes eye go

A

down and out with ptosis

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23
Q

muscles of the eye

A
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24
Q

on fundoscopy, nerve is closest to

A

the nose

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25
Q

fovea is the centre of

A

the macula

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26
Q

where is the macula

A

macula is temporal to the optic nerve

27
Q

optic cup is

A

within the optic disc

28
Q

outline of the optic cup is called

A

neuroretinal rim

29
Q

in glaucoma what happens to the optic cup

A

the ratio of the diameter of the optic cup and the optic disc is increased
the cup should be less than half of thee disc

30
Q

myopia is when

A

light is focussed in front of the retina
the eye is too long

31
Q

hypermetropia is when

A

light is focussed behind the retina

32
Q

myopia is correct with

A

concave lens

33
Q

hypermetropia is corrected with

A

convex lens

34
Q

hypermetropia is when you can see

A

far away but not close by

35
Q

presbyopia

A

losing reading (close) vision with age

36
Q

astigmatism

A

eyeball is not perfectly round
like an AFL ball

37
Q

medications relevant on the ophthalmic history

A

hydroxychloroquine/plaquenil
prednisolone
amioderone
ethambutol

these can have toxic eye effects

38
Q

things important on family history

A

squint/strabismus
glaucoma
ARMD

39
Q

if a patient has flashes/floaters you should be oncerced about

A

detached retina

40
Q

differential for acute painless loss of vision

A

usually unilateral
retinal vein/artery occlusion, wet ARMD, ischaemic optic neuropathy, diabetic macular oedema/vitreous haemorrhage, retinal detachment

41
Q

central retinal artery occlusion looks like

A
42
Q

central retinal vein occlusion looks like

A
43
Q

swollen optic disc/optic neuropathy looks like

A
44
Q

pain on eye movements may be

A

optic neuritis

45
Q

glare by be

A

uveitis

46
Q

distortion (metomorphopsia) may be

A

things look wonky
macular disease

47
Q

diplopia, pupil or eyelid bay be

A

cranial nerve palsy, raised ICP

48
Q

scintillating scitoma

A

classic migraine

49
Q

chronic onset painless loss of vision differentials

A

gradual onset
months to years
usually bilateral
refractive error, cataract, glaucoma, dry ARMD

50
Q

the big four causes of chronic onset painless loss of vision

A

dry ARMD, glaucoma, refractive error, cataract

51
Q

drusen are

A

deposits in macular degeneration

52
Q

binocular painful red eye is usually

A

conjunctivitis or may also be allergic (if history of atopy)

53
Q

discharge or watering WONT be caused by

A

discharge is not associated with uveitis, episcleritis, and scleritis

more likely to be conjunctivitis

54
Q

recent dental or sinus infection is a risk factor for

A

orbital cellulitis

55
Q

painful red eye differential

A

trauma
infections
inflammation
glaucoma (acute angle closure)

56
Q

what is an Amsler grid chart

A

a chart given to patients with macular degeneration so that they can monitor their distrotion at home

57
Q

who gets distortion

A

diabetic macular oedema
age-related macula ddegeneration

58
Q

ectropion

A

sagging lower lid
at risk of eye drying out
happens to older people

59
Q

chlazion

A

collection of waxy oily fluid
pro-inflammatory to the sourrounding tissue

60
Q

exopthalmos

A

proptosis
thyroid eye disease

61
Q

you should never discharge patients with

A

topical anaesthetic drops
topical steroid drops (unless directed by ophthalmology)

62
Q

why cant a patient have topic anaesthetic for more than 1 or 2 days

A

it’s toxic
causes toxic keratitis

63
Q
A

Ophthalmology 2023 (18 decks)

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