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MID TERM -2 2022 MID DECEMBER > FUNDEMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE > Flashcards

FUNDEMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE Flashcards

1
Q

when was the cell first discovered?

A

cells were first found by robert hooke in 1665

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2
Q

list all the cell organelles

A
  1. cell wall
  2. mitochondria
  3. plastids
  4. cytoplasm
  5. cell membrane
  6. endoplasmic reticulum
  7. golgi apparatus
  8. vacuoles
  9. lysosomes
    10.nucleus
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3
Q

what is the cell membrane?

A

the cell membrane the outermost layer of the cell that is made up of cellulose
it is knows as a semi permeable membrane because it lets only certain substances enter and leave the cell

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4
Q

what is osmosis

A

osmosis is the process where water moves around a semipermeable membrane

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5
Q

what are the types of osmosis

A

hypertonic solution
hypotonic solution
isotonic solution

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6
Q

what is a hypotonic solution

A
  1. a hypertonic solution is created when the medium surrounding the cell has more water than the cell
  2. the cell will most likely burst
  3. the cell will gain water
  4. this solution is known to be dilute
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7
Q

what is a hypertonic solution

A
  1. a hypotonic solution is created when the amount of water outside the cell is lower than in the cell
  2. the solution is known to be concentrated
  3. the cell will loose water
  4. the cell will shrink in in size
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8
Q

what is a isotonic solution

A
  1. the medium outside the cell has exactly the same amount of water that is inside the cell
  2. the cell will not change in shape
  3. the net movement of water will be 0
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9
Q

what is the cell membrane made up of

A

it is made up of lipids and protein

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10
Q

what is endocytosis

A

endocytosis is the process where the cell is able to engulf the food from its external surroundings. example is amoeba

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11
Q

what is the cell wall

A

the cell wall is only present in plants
it is made of cellulose
it is rigid outercovering which is outside the cell membrane

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12
Q

what is plasmolysis

A

this is a process when the contents inside the cell shrink away from the cell wall

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13
Q

what is the nucleus

A

the nucleus has a double layered membrane called the nuclear membrane
it is a porous membrane that allows certain substances to enter and leave the cytoplasm
it contains chromosomes which are only visible when the cell is about to divide in rod shaped structures

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14
Q

what are chromosomes

A

they are rod shaped structures that are only visible when the cell is about to divide
it contains the deoxyribose nucleic acid which contains hereditary information need for the cell
the chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins

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15
Q

what is the chromatin

A

chromatin is the place where the instructions for the cell and the DNA and the protein are located before the cell divides
the chromatin arranges itself to form the chromosomes when the cell is about to divide

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16
Q

what are the prokaryotic cells

A

the prokaryotic cells do not have a well developed nucleus and lack may cytoplasmic substances that the eukaryotic cells have
it lacks the nuclear membrane and only has the nucleic acid

17
Q

what is the eukaryotic cells

A

the eukaryotic cells have a nuclear membrane and other cytoplasmic organelles what the prokaryotic cells lack

18
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

the cytoplasm is the medium where the substances are able to travel
it is made up made up of fluid like substance and is located inside the cell membrane

19
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

the endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membrane bound tubes
there are 2 types of ER the soft endoplasmic reticulum and the rough reticulum

20
Q

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

the RER has ribosomes attached so it appears rough under the microscope
it is able to produce its own proteins and they will be send to other places

21
Q

what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

the SER is a place where fat cells such as lipids are generated
some of the proteins and the lipids help in the building of the cell membrane

22
Q

what is membrane biogenesis

A

membrane biogenesis the the process where the lipids and proteins will be used in the construction of the cell membrane

23
Q

what are the functions of the ER

A

the endoplasmic reticulum helps in the manufacturing of the lipids and protein and provide a site where bio chemical activities take place

24
Q

list the organelles in the cytoplasm

A

golgi apparatus
smooth ER
rough ER
lysosomes
plastids and mitochondria

25
Q

what is the golgi apparatus
i

A

it consists of membrane bound vesicles that are parallel to each other
it is involved in the production of the lysosomes
packs and dispatches the substances produced to various parts of the body

26
Q

what are lysosomes

A

lysosomes are membrane bound sacs that are filled with digestive enzymes
they are also known as suicide bags because when they bust, other lysosomes digest the burst lysosome.

27
Q

what is the mitochondria

A

the mitochondria is know as the powerhouse of the cell
it consists of 2 layers
the first later is semi permeable while the second layer is deeply folded
this is to increase the production of adenosine triphosphate which is the energy currency of the cell
mitochondria is able to produce its own DNA and proteins

28
Q

what are plastids

A

plastids are only found in plant cells and can be divided into 2 types
chromoplast and leucoplast
similar to the mitochondria. they are able to make their own protein and DNA

29
Q

what are chromoplasts

A

they contain chlorophyll that contains chloroplast which is necessary for photosynthesis

30
Q

what is the leucoplast

A

the leucoplast acts as a storage place where oil, starch and protein granules are stored

31
Q

what is the vacuole

A

the vacuole consists of cell sap that provides turgidity and rigidity to the cell.
they take up about 50-90 percent of the space in plant cells and they are small and numerous in the animal cells
function is to store solid and liquid contents

32
Q

what is cell division

A

cell division is the process where there are new cells being formed to replace the old, damages and dead cells
there are 2 types of cell division, mitosis and meiosis

33
Q

what is mitosis

A

mitosis is when the mother cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells which have the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell

MID TERM -2 2022 MID DECEMBER (18 decks)

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