Fundamentals of PTA Week 2 Lab Flashcards
LSP and SSP
Long sitting position - leg extended
Short sitting position - E.g. on a chair
What is joint contracture
A shortening of muscles, tendons, skin, and nearby soft tissues causes the joints to shorten and become very stiff, preventing normal movement.
E.g. knee flexion contracture
Why should a patient’s position be altered frequently?
- To avoid excessive or prolonged pressure, to reduce the development of contractures, to avoid postural malalignment, and to prevent other adverse effects.
- The functional ability or capacity of the patient may be compromised because of problems caused by improper positioning techniques, which may affect the patient’s independence or quality of life.
What is a pressure source
Tissue breakdown
- Common sites include the back of the head and ears, the shoulders, the elbows, the lower back and buttocks, the sit bones, the hips, the inner knees, and the heels. Pressure injuries may also form in places where the skin folds over itself. And they can occur where medical equipment puts pressure on the skin.
Causes ulcers.
What is a dependent position
Hanging down, below the mean level of the body, therefore not emptying the veins passively.
AKA and BKA are also called?
What to avoid?
AKA - Transfemoral amputation; avoid prolonged hip flexion and hip abduction; maintain neutral pelvis
BKA - Transtibial amputation; avoid prolonged hip and knee flexion
What is hemiplegia
Paralysis of one side of the body
- Avoid prolonged shoulder add. and internal rotation, elbow flexion, forearm supination/pronation, wrist, finger or thumb flexion, and finger/thumb adduction. - Avoid prolonged hip/knee flexion, hip external rotation, and ankle plantar flexion and inversion.
- Do not pull on affected UE or LE - may dislocate joints or stretch the joint capsule
- Hemiparesis - weakness or an inability to move on one side of the body.
Flexor synergy spasticity/ flaccidity
Stiff or rigid muscles; increase in tone/ decrease in tone
What is Valsalva maneuver and what happens?
Forced expiration against closed glottis
↑ BP may cause CVA
↓ Cardiac output
Where is the center of gravity in the human body?
Anterior to S2
Important to keep center of gravity within base of support to maintain stability and balance
What are examples of pain sensitive structures?
- Ligaments
- Lumbodorsal fascia
- IVD
- Vertebral facets
- Nerve roots
- Muscle tissue
- Vertebral body
What are the reasons for the proper use of body mechanics and core stability?
- Conserve energy
- Reduces stress and strain on body structure
- Reduce risk of personal injury
- Leads to safe movements of the spine
- Promotes and maintains proper body control and balance
- Promotes effective and efficient respiratory and cardiopulmonary function
Deep squat vs knee bend
Deep squat - knees outside; muscles can take up effects of gravity
Knee bend knees over toes - force on the knee joint
The diaphragm is innervated by…?
Phrenic nerve (C3-C5 nerve roots)
What position to avoid for patients with burns and grafts?
- Positions of comfort to minimize the risk of contractures
- Avoid any motions that would cause shearing - sliding
What are the precautions for patients with THR (posterior)
- No hip flexion beyond 90
- No crossing past midline
- No IR
- Utilize reclining w/c
- No upright sitting position
- No rolling on their side
- Educate them during transfers
