Fundamentals of PTA Week 1 Lab

Question 1

How many vertebrae are in the cervical?

Answer 1

C1-C7

Question 2

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic?

Answer 2

T1-T12

Question 3

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar?

Answer 3

L1-L5

Question 4

How many vertebrae are in the sacrum?

Answer 4

S1-S5

Question 5

How many vertebrae are in the coccyx?

Answer 5

Co1-Co4

Question 6

What are C1 and C2 called?

Answer 6

C1- Atlas
C2 - Axis

Question 7

What two cervical joints articulate superiorly with atlas and axis in the cervical?

Answer 7

AO joint and AA joint

Question 8

AO joint is short for…
and does…

Answer 8

Atlanto-occipital joint
Flexion and extension

Question 9

AA joint is short for…
and does…

Answer 9

Atlanto axial joint
no (40-50% of rotation)

Question 10

What do you call the space between each pair of vertebrae? What does it do?

Answer 10

Intervertebral foramen
Allows blood vessels, spinal nerves and meningeal nerves to pass through to and from the spinal cord.

Question 11

What do you call the center hole in the vertebrae

Answer 11

Vertebral foramen

Question 12

What passes through the transverse foramen in the cervical?

Answer 12

The vertebral artery, vein, and sympathetic nerves pass through. Wraps around atlas.

Question 13

Where are nerve roots located in the vertebrae?

Answer 13

They enter above the levels of C1-C7; C8 nerve root is located below C7.
From T1, they enter below the levels.

Question 14

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in total?

Answer 14

31

Question 15

What is a Quadrant Test?

Answer 15

Cervical rotation, side bend, and extension to compress the nerves and arteries.

Question 16

What are 5 D’s?

Answer 16

Diplopia - double vision
Dysphasia - difficulty swallowing
Dysarthria - difficulty speaking
Drop attacks - fainting
Dizziness

Question 17

What are 3 N’s?

Answer 17

Nystagmus - rapid eye movement
Nausea
Numbness

Question 18

Lordosis is …. of the spine

Answer 18

Concave (↑ extension)

Question 19

Kyphosis is ….. of the spine

Answer 19

Convex

Question 20

HNP stands for…

Answer 20

Herniated Nucleus Pulposus

Question 21

What is the mechanism of injury for HNP?

Answer 21

Flexion and rotation

Question 22

What is peripheralization and centralization?

Answer 22

Peripherization - Pain moves away from its origin and into an extremity, such as the arm or leg — increased pressure placed on nerves.

Centralization - Pain moves from a distant location back to its origin, such as pulling sciatica-type symptoms up towards the spine. This can mean less pain, improved function, and a reduced range of movement—decreased pressure on the nerves.

Question 23

What is McKenzie’s Extension?

Answer 23

Cervical retraction (axial extension) for the C-spine and PPU for the L -spine

Question 24

What is William’s Flexion?

Answer 24

1. PPT
2. PPT with R KTC
3. PPT with L KTC
4. PPT with DKTC

Question 25

Where in the vertebrae herniated discs occur most commonly?

Answer 25

C5-C6 and C6-C7 L4-L5 and L5-S1

Question 26

What is Sprengel's Deformity?

Answer 26

Congenital undescended scapula

Question 27

What is scapular winging?

Answer 27

Weakness of serratus anterior muscle causing one or both shoulder blades to stick out from the back instead of lying flat.

Question 28

What does the tightness of pec minor cause?

Answer 28

Causes the shoulder blade to tilt forward and rotate inward, which can lead to pain and dysfunction in the shoulder joint.

Question 29

What's the muscle of mastication that originates from the zygomatic arch?

Answer 29

Masseter

Question 30

What's the muscle for the elevation of the mandible (closing the mouth) by the temporal bone?

Answer 30

Anterior temporalis muscle

Question 31

What's the muscle of mastication that helps elevate the mandible and attaches to the medial surface of the angle of the mandible?

Answer 31

Medial pterygoid muscle

Question 32

What is the test that helps determine if the Achilles tendon is torn

Answer 32

Thompson's test

Question 33

What are the carpal bones?

Answer 33

SLTPTTCH Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate

Question 34

Rationale for positioning

Answer 34

- Prevent soft tissue/joint contractures - Comfort/modesty - Support/stability - Easy access for treatment - Exposure of areas to be treated - Efficient function of organ systems - Positional chances/prevent prolonged pressure to all structures

Question 35

Rationale for draping

Answer 35

- Protect patient’s modesty - Maintain comfortable body temperature - Be sensitive to cultural, religious beliefs - Have access to body parts being treated while protecting other areas - Protect patient’s clothing while working on area - With LE, may need to provide “in between sheet”

Question 36

Precautions with positioning

Answer 36

- Smooth out linens and clothes to avoid folds - Be observant of skin (prior to, during and after treatment) - Do not let ext. hang beyond supporting surface - Avoid prolonged positioning - Use caution with pts. who are unable to comprehend