Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 2024 > Fundamentals of PTA Week 1&2 Lecture > Flashcards

Fundamentals of PTA Week 1&2 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of trauma?

A
  1. Initial shock
  2. Denial: days to weeks
  3. Grief: mourning, self blame
  4. Anger: eternalizing blame, non compliance
  5. Resolution: acceptance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a linear motion?

A

Moves at same time, same direction and same distance (aka translatory)

  • Rectilinear and Curvilinear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is angular motion?

A

Moves at same time, same direction but not same distance (aka rotatory) e.g. knee extension while sitting on a chair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an example of combination of angular and linear movement?

A

Person on a skateboard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Synarthrosis -
Motion?
Structure?
Example?

A

Has a thin layer of fibrous periosteum between two bones.
Motion - No
Structure - Fibrous-suture joint
Example - Skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Syndesmosis -
Motion?
Structure?
Example?

A

A fibrous joint that connects two adjacent bones with ligaments or a strong membrane.
Motion - Slight amount of twisting/stretching
Example - Distal tibiofibular joint (in the ankle) and distal radioulnar joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gomphosis
Motion?
Structure?
Example?

A

Motion - No
Structure - Fibrous peg in socket
Example - Between teeth and mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Amphiarthrosis
Motion?
Structure?
Example?

A

Has either hyaline or fibrocartilage
Motion - Little; bending/twisting; compression; provide stability
Structure - Cartilagenous
Example - Symphysis pubis, vertebral discs, ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diarthrosis
Motion?
Structure?
Example?

A

Most common; further classified into movement and degrees of freedom
Motion - Free
Structure - Synovial
Example - Hip, elbow, knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Kinetics vs kinematics

A

Kinetics- Forces and motion only and reveals how forces affect motion.

Kinematics- Motion only–or how an object moves through space–without reference to any associated force.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is osteokinematics?

A

Joint motion.
Movement of bones around a joint axis; one bone moving on another
- Flexion and extension
- Abduction and adduction
- Lateral and medial rotation

E.g. Humerus moving on the scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is arthrokinematics?

A

Joint surface motion
- Roll, spin, glide.

E.g. Humeral head’s movement within glenoid fossa of scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are component movements?

A

Motions that accompany active motion but are not under voluntary control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Superior is also called?

A

Cephalad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Inferior is also called?

A

Caudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do bones consist of?

A
  • Organic and inorganic material
  • Comprised of compact and cancellous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are long bones?

A

Diaphysis with 2 epiphysis
E.g. femur, tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are short bones?

A

Carpals, tarsals - usually articulate with more than one bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Broad, thin surface
E.g. scapula, sternum, ilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Mixed shapes
E.g. vertebra, sacrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Patella, pisiform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is diaphysis

A

Main shaft; center is medullary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is medullary canal

A

Hollow; decreases the weight of the bone
- Contains marrow and provides passage for nutrient arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is endosteum

A

The membrane that lines the medullary canal
For bone resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is osteoclasts responsible for?

A

Responsible for bone resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is epiphysis

A

Each end of a long bone
- In adult, it is osseous; in children, it is cartilaginous (epiphyseal plate: manufactures new bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is metaphysis

A
  • Flared part at each end of the diaphysis
  • Made up of cancellous (spongy) bone
  • Functions to support the epiphysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is periosteum and its functions?

A
  • Tough fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except the articular surfaces
  • Contains nerve and blood vessels to provide nourishment, prompt growth and repair

Function:
- Nourishment
- Growth in diameter of immature bone
- Repair of the bone
- Attachment for tendons and ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

During flexion, what happens to the angle of body parts and the movement occurs in what plane and around what axis?

A

↓ Angle
Sagittal plane around the frontal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

During extension, what happens to the angle of body parts and the movement occurs in what plane and around what axis?

A

↑ Angle
Sagittal plane around the frontal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Abduction/adduction occurs in what plane and around what axis?

A

Frontal plane around sagittal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ER and IR are what movements in what plane through what axis?

A

Lateral/medial movement
Transverse plane
Vertical axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Thumb flexion/extension (thumb moving side to side; parallel to the palm) occurs in what plane and axis?

A

Frontal plane; sagittal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Thumb abduction/adduction (thumb moving up and down, perpendicular to the palm) occurs in what plane and axis?

A

Sagittal plane; frontal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the joint motions in sagittal plane around frontal axis?

A

Flexion/extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the joint motions in frontal plane around sagittal axis?

A

Abduction/adduction
Radial/ulnar deviation
Eversion/inversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the joint motions in transverse plane around vertical axis?

A

Medial/lateral rotation
Supination/pronation
Right/left rotation
Horizontal abduction/adduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How many bones are in axial skeleton? What is their function?

A

80 of the skull, hyoid, vertebral, ribs, sternum, coccyx
- Support, protection, hemopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How many bones are in appendicular skeleton? What is their function?

A

126 bones of the extremities; clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, mcps, phalanges, tarsals, mtps, pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula
- Locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is joint capsule in synovial joints made of?

A

fibrous cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does synovial membrane do and what does it secrete?

A

Lines joint capsules
Secretes synovial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Synovial joint bone ends are covered in what?

A

Articulating cartilage aka cushions for bone surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are examples of plane/ gliding joint (a type of synovial joint)?

A

The joints between the metacarpal bones of the hand and those between the cuneiform bones of the foot.
Uniaxial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are examples of sellar joint (aka saddle joint)?

A

The carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are examples of hinge joint?

A

Knee, elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are examples of pivot joint?

A

AA joint, proximal radioulnar joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are examples of condyloid joint (aka ellipsoid joint)?

A

MCP, MTP, AO joint, distal radiocarpal joint (wrist)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are examples of ball and socket joint?

A

Glenohumeral, acetabular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are characteristics of nonaxial joint?

A
  • Linear movement
  • Gliding motion
  • Flat joint surface
  • e.g. intercarpal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are characteristics of uniaxial joint?

A
  • 1 axis, 1 plane
  • 1 degree of freedom
  • Hinge or pivot
  • e.g. Elbow and interphalangeal (fingers) joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are characteristics of biaxial joint?

A
  • 2 axes/ 2 planes
  • 2 degree of freedom
  • Condyloid or saddle
  • e.g. MCP (knuckles) and radiocarpal
52
Q

What are characteristics of triaxial joint?

A
  • 3 axes/ 3 planes
  • 3 degrees of freedom
  • Ball and socket
  • e.g. hip and shoulder
53
Q

What is “degrees of freedom”?

A

Motion around axis and planes

54
Q

What is the degree of freedom for the talocrural joint?

A
  • 1 degree (df/pf)
  • Formed by the distal ends of the tibia and fibula, and the talus bone
55
Q

What is the degree of freedom for subtalar joint?

A

1 degree (inv/ev)
Formed by the talus and calcaneus

56
Q

What is the degree of freedom for midtarsal joint?

A

2 degrees (df/ pf/ add/ abd/ in/ ev)
Formed by talonavicular and calcaneocuboid

57
Q

What is a bursa?

A

A small pad-like sacs
- In areas of excessive friction
- Under tendons/ bony promiences
- e.g. olecranon bursa, student’s bursa

58
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Broad, flat sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to each other or to bones

59
Q

What is fascia?

A

Sheath of stringy connective tissue that surrounds every part of your body. It provides support to your muscles, tendons, ligaments, tissues, organs, nerves, joints and bones

60
Q

What are three types of cartilages?

A
  • Hyaline
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic
61
Q

What are characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Ends of opposing bones
  • Smooth articular surface
  • No blood/ nerve supply
  • Nutrition from synovial fluid
62
Q

What are characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A

Shock absorption, important in weight bearing joints
- e.g. menisci knee, labrum, intervertebral discs

63
Q

What are elastic cartilage and where can you find them?

A

Allow certain amount of motion
- e.g. symphysis pubis, larynx

64
Q

What are different classifications of fractures?

A
  • Simple: bone break w/o protrusion
  • Compound: bone breaks with protrusion
  • Greenstick: young bone
  • Comminuted: several pieces
  • Impacted: end of one bone pushed up into remainder of other bone
  • Double: break in 2 places
  • Multi
  • Spiral
65
Q

What is osteoporosis and what does it lead to?

A

Loss of bone density that can lead to pathological fracture

66
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Bacterial infection of bone

67
Q

What are the types of fracture reduction?

A
  • Closed reduction: push pieces back into place
  • Open reduction: requires surgical intervention
  • Internal fixation: internal with rods, screws; may be permanent
  • External fixation: temporary
68
Q

What is power?

A

Measure of muscle performance and is work/time

69
Q

What is strength?

A

Ability of muscle groups to produce tension and results in maximal effort either dynamically or statically in relation to the demand placed on it

70
Q

What is endurance?

A

Necessary to perform repeated motor tasks in activities of daily living.
- Total body endurance: Low intensity exercise/time
- Muscle endurance: Isolated muscle group performance/time

71
Q

What is flexibility and mobility?

A

Necessary for performance of normal functional activities.
Mobility exercises will restore lengths of muscles.

72
Q

What is relaxation?

A

Conscious effort to relieve tension in muscle through therapeutic exercise

73
Q

What is coordination?

A

Ability to use the right muscle at the right time with appropriate sequencing and intensity which requires an intact motor system

74
Q

What is fatigue?

A

Affects functional performance

75
Q

What is local muscle fatigue?

A
  • Diminished response of a muscle to repeated stimulus.
  • It’s a normal physiological response characterized by a decrease in amplitude of motor unit potentials.
76
Q

What is recovery from fatigue?

A

Time to restore body to pre-existing state

77
Q

What is overwork?

A

Causes temporary of permanent deterioration of strength as a result of exercise

78
Q

What is substitution?

A

May occur with much resistance or with weak muscle

79
Q

What is muscle soreness?

A

Develops during or directly after strenuous exercise performed to a point of fatigue; occurs because of lack of oxygen, usually transcient.

80
Q

What is DOMS?

A

Develops 24-48hrs after exercise and slowly diminishes within a week

81
Q

What is contractures and fibrosis?

A

Conditions that can affect the body’s muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and can cause a loss of movement in joints

82
Q

What is open kinematic chain?

A

Movement that occurs in chain where distal segment moves freely in space; specific muscle isolation

E.g. chest presses, biceps curls, leg curls and leg extensions

83
Q

What is closed kinematic chain?

A

Movement occurs over fixed distal segment; involves multiple joints moving against linear resistance; often used to improve coordination, balance, and core strength

E.g. squats and push ups

84
Q

What is isometric?

A

Muscle shortens with no appreciable change in length of muscles
Speed - fixed
Resistance - fixed
Joint motion - no

E.g. plank

85
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Exercises carried out against constant load as muscle lengthens/shortens through ROM
- Concentric/eccentric

Speed - variable
Resistance - fixed
Joint motion - yes
E.g. squats, pull up, push up

86
Q

What is isokinetic?

A

Dynamic exercise where movement occurs at a constant speed and resistance is variable
Speed - fixed
Resistance - variable
Joint motion - yes

E.g. spin bike

87
Q

What is concentric?

A

Muscle shortens with a decrease in joint angle (against gravity)

88
Q

What is eccentric?

A

Muscle elongates with increased joint angle (with gravity)

89
Q

What is muscle irritability?

A

Capacity to respond to a stimulus

90
Q

What is muscle contractility?

A

Ability to shorten or elongate

91
Q

What is muscle extensibility?

A

Ability to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied

92
Q

What is muscle elasticity?

A

Ability to return to normal resting length once force is removed

93
Q

What is the excursion of a muscle?

A

Distance from maximum elongation to maximum shortening.

94
Q

What is a functional excursion of a muscle?

A

The distance a muscle is capable of shortening after it has been elongated to it’s max

95
Q

What is muscle length-tension relationship?

A

Force built up in muscle causing movement and muscles can be shortened and lengthened half of its normal resting length

96
Q

Muscles are strongest when…?

A

Put on a slight stretch before contracting

E.g kicking a ball
1. Hyperextend hip and then flex it forcefully
2. Put hip flexors on a stretch before contracting

97
Q

Muscle insertion move toward…?

A

The origin
Insertion = more movable bone
Origin = more stable bone

98
Q

In order to achieve mechanical advantage, the resisting arm should be…?

A

Decreased

99
Q

Mechanical advantage is equal to…?

A

The length of the force arm (distance between the force and axis) divided by the resistant arm (distance between the resistance and the axis) i.e. MA=FA/RA

100
Q

Law of Inertia

A

An object at rest, stays at rest. An object in motion, tends to stay in motion.

101
Q

Law of Acceleration

A

Force equals mass times acceleration; F=MXA

102
Q

Law of Action-Reaction

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

103
Q

Muscle names tell us about..?

A
  • Location
  • Shape
  • Action
  • Number of heads/divisions
  • Attachments (origin/insertion)
  • Direction of the fibers
  • Size of the muscle
104
Q

What are the characteristics of fibers “parallel” to the long axis of the muscle?

A
  • Longer
  • Greater ROM potential
  • Strap, fusiform, rhomboidal, triangular
105
Q

What are the characteristics of fibers “oblique” to the long axis of the muscle?

A
  • Shorter
  • Greater strength potential (due to more fiber)
  • Small ROM potential
106
Q

What are examples of muscles with parallel fibers?

A
  • SCM (strap)
  • Biceps, brachialis, and brachioradialis
    muscles. (fusiform - spindle shaped)
  • Rhomboids, glutes, (rhomboidal)
  • Pectoralis major (triangular)
107
Q

What are examples of muscles with oblique fibers?

A
  • Tibialis posterior (unipennate)
  • Rectus femoris (bipennate)
  • Deltoid (multipennate)
108
Q

What are the mechanical properties of muscle?

A
  • Comprised of many myofibrils made up of sarcomeres
  • Sarcomeres are the contractile units comprised of actin and myosin
  • The sliding of both cause muscle to shorten
  • Requires energy and calcium ions
109
Q

What’s the purpose of stretching?

A

To lengthen the resting length of a muscle.
Must avoid overstretching and ballistic movements

110
Q

What is First Class Lever?

A

FAR
Balance and posture

e.g. head flex and ext., seesaw
F - Muscles on the opposite side
A - Vertebrae
R - Weight of head

111
Q

What is Second Class Lever?

A

ARF
Power (Mechanical advantage)

e.g. Ankle, wheelbarrow
A - MTP joints in the foot
R - Tibia and body weight
F - Plantar flexors

112
Q

What is Third Class Lever?

A

AFR
For ROM
Most common in the body

e.g. The elbow joint; screen door with spring
A - Elbow joint
F - Brachioradialis
R - In the hand

113
Q

R, the resistance is the same as…?

A

Load

114
Q

What is cocontraction of muscle

A

When the antagonist contracts at the same time as
the agonist

115
Q

What does the neutralizer muscle do?

A

When a muscle can do two actions, but only one is wanted.
Contracts to prevent unwanted motion.

116
Q

What does the synergist muscle do?

A

Group of muscles that works with one or more
other muscles to enhance a particular motion.

117
Q

What is active insufficiency?

A

The point at which a muscle cannot shorten any farther

118
Q

What is passive insufficiency?

A

When a muscle cannot be elongated any farther without damage to its fibers.

119
Q

What is autonomy?

A

The right of a patient to make their own decisions, including their right to privacy and confidentiality.

120
Q

What is benifience?

A

The obligation to act in the patient’s best interest, which includes avoiding harm and ensuring equal services.

121
Q

What is fidelity?

A

A therapist’s moral obligation to keep promises and commitments to patients.

This includes keeping information confidential and providing services as ordered by a physician.

122
Q

What is informed consent?

A

A type of consent that must be obtained to avoid claims of medical negligence.

123
Q

What is maleficience?

A

The obligation to avoid harming the patient.

124
Q

What is justice?

A

The obligation to treat all people equally and fairly, including the fair distribution of healthcare resources.

125
Q
A
126
Q
A

Fall 2024 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions