Fundamental Safety

Question 1

What is environmental safety

Answer 1

Environmental safety is fire safety ,electrical safety, radiation safety and disposable of infectious waste.

Question 2

What is fire safety.



Answer 2

Turn off oxygen and appliances in vicinity of fire
If fire occurs and client is on life-support maintain respiratory status manually with a move it until client is mood
PASS Pull the pin in handle,Aim the nozzle at the base of fire ,squeeze the level slowly, sweep from side to side
RACE rescue clients ,alarm ,contains /confine , Evacuate / extinguish

Question 3

what is electrical safety

Answer 3

Use three pronged electrical cords
any electrical equipment brought in by client or family must be inspected prior to use
check all electrical cords and outlets for exposed, frayed ,damaged wires
If client receives electrical shock, turn off electricity before touching client

Question 4

What is radiation safety

Answer 4

Reduce exposure by limiting time spending near source, increase distance as much as possible,use shielding device.
Never touched dislodged Radiation implants
radiation exposure :key aspects -time and distance.
the greatest distance -better chance of survival
initially- all patients feel well.but bleeding maybe Internal

Question 5

Disposable of infectious waste

Answer 5

Handle all infectious materials as Hazard
disposable on sharps immediately after use in closed,puncture resistant, approved disposable containers.

Question 6

Disorder of the Eyes

Answer 6

 risk factors related to a disorder. Aging process ,congenital, heredity.
Medications: dry eyes, diuretics, antihistamines, antidepressant, cholesterol lowering drugs, beta blockers.
Trauma,diabetes mellitus, hypertension.
Diet – vitamin a deficiency, low carotene
Legally blind: in United States, this refers to medical diagnosis central visual acuity 20/200. From her safe environment, Orient client environment, promote independence as much as possible.

Question 7

Vitamin A foods

Answer 7

Eye must feel very lovely
eggs , milk, (cheese,butter) fruits/fish, sweet potato tropical fruits.
Vegetable, carrots, Kale,spinach, broccoli. liver (beef).
VitaminA is fat soluble vitamins, and therefore, needs to be consumed with fat in order to have optimal absorption

Question 8

Macular degeneration

Answer 8

central loss of vision that affects the-Macula of the eye.
 The Macula is a small area in the retina that is responsible for central vision, allowing to see fine details clearly.
Gradually blockage in retinal capillary arteries, which result in the macular becoming ischemic and necrotic due to the lack of retinal cells.
there is no cure number, and number 1 cause vision loss in people over the age of 60.

Question 9

Macular degeneration Riskfactors

Answer 9

Smokers, hypertension, female history, diet lacking carotene,and vitamin A.

Question 10

Macular degeneration client education.

Answer 10

Increase clients to consume foods high in antioxidants: vitaminA,vitamin E, and vitamin B 12. Retinol-vitamin A from animal source. Beta carotene -vitamin A from plant source.
monthly exams are essential managing this disease.
As loss of vision progress, and will be challenged with the ability to eat,drive, write,and read as well as other activities of daily living.
referral client to community organization that can assist with transportation, print reading devices, and large print books here.
High antioxidant’s foods: berries, dark chocolate, pecans, artichoke, elderberries, kidney beans, cranberries.

Question 11

Cataracts 

Answer 11

A cataract is an opacity in the lens of an eye that impairs vision.
Encourage annual eye examination and good eye health, especially In adults over the age of 40.
Cataract S/S:decreased visual acuity, prescription changes, reduce night vision), blurred vision, diplopia-double vision, glare and light sensitivity-photosensitivity.
Halo around light’s, progressive and painless loss-of vision,call absent red reflex.

Question 12

Glaucoma

Answer 12

glaucoma is a disturbance of optic nerve, mostly due to increased intraocular pressure(IOP) Intraocular pressure Normal-10 to 21 MM of Hg.changes through the day-high in the morning. intraocular pressure causes atropic changes of the optic nerve and visual defects.
IOp increased due to decreased fluid drainage or increase fluid secretions.

Question 13

two kinds of glaucoma

Answer 13

Open angle glaucoma and closeted angle:angle -between the Iris and sclera.
loss of peripheral vision (anothername tunnel glaucoma)cannot see around her-opp.macular Degeneration.
diabetes is a risk factor for the development of glaucoma,
there is a familial tendency and a significantly higher incidence in African-American screen after 40 years

Question 14

Open angle glaucoma

Answer 14

Most common form of glaucoma.
The aqueous humor outflow is decrease due to blockages in the eyes drainage system causing a rise in IOP.
S/S:headache, mild eye pain, loss of peripheral vision, decreased accommodation, elevatedIOP (greater than 21 MM of Hg)

Question 15

Angle closure glaucoma

Answer 15

Less common form of glaucoma. IOP rises suddenly. Rapid onset of elevated
decreased or blurred vision, seeing halos surround lights.
pupils are non-reactive to light, severe pain and nausea, photophobia,.
Glaucoma treatment:Surgery.after surgery immediately may bleeding.
medication client teaching should include the following prescribed a medication is beneficial if used every 12hours. Instill one drop in each twice daily.

Question 16

 How do instill eyedrops

Answer 16

 instill one drop in each eye twice daily.
Wait 10 to 15 minutes in between eye drops if more than one is prescribed by the provider
Avoid touching the tip of the applicator deep of the applicator bottle to the eye.always wash hands before and after use.
The older client is instructed to lie down on a bed or sofa to instill the eye drops(balance issues,tremors).

Question 17

Cataract and glaucoma



Answer 17

To wear sunglasses while outside and wear protective eyewear.
Magnifying lens and larger print books/newspapers
Postoperative interventions: elevated head of bed 30 to 45degrees
Turn Client to back or non-operating side
* Report severe pain or nausea (increased IOP- hemorrhage)
Avoid activities that increased IOP: bending over at the waist, sneezing and coughing, straining,head hyperflexion, restrictive clothing,Avoid tilting the head back to wash hair.

Question 18

Avoid activities for cataract and glaucoma

Answer 18

Give me cooking and housekeeping.avoid rapid,jerky movements,such as vacuuming and sports. Best vision is not expected until 4 to 6 weeks following the surgery .
glaucoma-instruct Client On need for lifelong medication use.

Question 19

Conjunctivitis

Answer 19

“Pinkeye,”indicating inflammation of conjunctiva.usually caused by allergy, infection, trauma. Bacterial or viral-extremely contagious.
Assessment: itching, Burning, scratchy eyelids;redness; edema; discharge.
Intervention: instruct the parents regarding control measures, such as good handwashing, no sharing of Towels ,wash clothes.
Administer antibiotics or antiviral eyedrops, Ointment as prescribed. Proper administration of eye medication
Cool compresses to eyes.avoid rubbing eyes,wear contact lenses,wear dark glasses if in sun

Question 20

Retinal detachment medical emergency

Answer 20

Sensation of flashes of light, floaters or curtain being drawn eyes.
immediate intervention: provide bedrest,cover both eyes with patches.
postoperative interventions: maintain eye patches.
Position-area of detachment should be down (inferior/dependent) to maintain pressure of the repaired retinal area and improve contact with choroid.
avoid activities which increase IOP. Notification physician if sudden,sharp eye pain occur.

Question 21

Disorders Of the eye Hyphema

Answer 21

Hyphema(bleeding into the eye):Encourage rest in semi Fowlers position,bedrest,eyepatches.
Confusion:place ice on eye immediately.
Foreign bodies: if dust or dirt remove carefully with a cotton applicator.
penetrating objects: do not remove (stuck there in the eye), and see the position immediately.
Chemical burns:flush eyes at the sight of injury with water for least 15 to 20 minutes

Question 22

strabismus(squinting eye)

Answer 22

Misaligament of eyes-lack of eye muscles coordination
Norman in young infant,but not after 4months of age.
Assessment: loss of binocular vision(not able to see);impairment of depth perception(if wear some body s glasses); frequent headaches; squinting Or tilting of head to see
Intervention: corrective lenses may be indicated
* patching “good” eye to strengthen week Eye.(good eye patched 1 to 2 hours daily).
*Eyedrops to good eye to Induce blurred vision.

Question 23

retinoblastoma

Answer 23

Retinal tumor: common in children under age 2 and is usually first recognized when parent report a white “glow”of the pupil (emergency patient).
Light reflecting off the tumor will cause the pupil to appear white instead of displaying the usual red reflex.
can be hereditary-(siblings evaluate.take it out blind eyes-replacing artificial eye.

Question 24

Eye irrigation

Answer 24

For accidentally exposure to body fluids (eg:blood,urine) or chemicals.
Immediately flush the affected eye with water are saline for at least 10 minutes to reduce exposure to potentially infected material and prevent/reduce injury (example burn)

Question 25

Ear (otitis media)

Answer 25

Infection of the middle ear secondary to blocked eustachian tube.
Common in children (infants Eustachian tubes- ineffective drainage and protection from respiratory secretions).
child at risk-secondary smoking (respiration inflammation) change the-eustachian tube for children straight because of that occur infections.adult - horizontal.

Question 26

Otitis media assessment

Answer 26

fever, irritability, anorexia, rolling of head from side to side, pulling or rubbing on ear.
Earache or pain, signs of hearing loss, purulent ear drainage,
red or Opaque,bulging ,retracting, tympanic membrane.

Question 27

What Otis media nursing interventions

Answer 27

Teach parent to feed infant enough right position; prevents to reflex, Avoid excessive for pacifier use. more pacifier – more saliva-drooling is going to happen.
Immunization should be current.
Instruct parents about procedure for administering ear medication‘s.
insertion of tympanovstomy tubes in the middle ear to equalize pressure and keep ear aerated untreated OM-Mastoiditis.bone infection in the ear bone.
adults OM-apply local heat 3times per day for 20 minutes.Antibiotics-Amoxicillin .if they have respiratory infection and recurrent ear pain.

Question 28

Myringotomy care

Answer 28

In myringotomy is the surgical opening of the eardrum to drain middle ear fluids.
After ear surgery -for three weeks:- Avoid bending over.
rapid movement of the head or bouncing, avoid straining when having a bowel movement; avoid drinking through straw, avoid air travel, avoid excessive coughing.
Stay away from individuals with colds .
blow the nose gently, one-sided at-a time, with the mouth open.
Avoid wetting the head and showering for one week.
*Keep the year dry for six weeks by placing ball of cotton coated with the petroleum jelly in the ear (this should be changed daily) Report excessive drainage to the healthcare provider immediately.

Question 29

Meniere’s Disease

Answer 29

Inner ear -fluid accumulation (endolymph)
Severe vertigo, tinnitus, nausea, headache. Unilateral hearing impairment might be present .
drop attack :Tumarkins to otolithic crisis:sudden fall that may occur without warning sign and without any loss of consciousness.
 Trigger-Salt intake, energy, stress. meds :diuretics, McLinzine(antivert)