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Physiology And Pharmacology Of Systems > Fundamental Principles of Pharmacology I > Flashcards

Fundamental Principles of Pharmacology I Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of drugs

A

Exogenous molecules that mimic or block the action of endogenous molecules or systems
Even though they are derived from exogenous sources, they may be chemically identical, related or distinct from endogenous molecules

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2
Q

Definition of phamacodynamics

A

What a drug does to an organism

The sum of all the actions of a drug

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3
Q

Definition of phamacokinetics

A

What the organism does to the drug (ADME)

Determines how quickly a drug acts

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4
Q

Definition of intraarterial (IA)

A

Liquid injected into an artery, v rare in human medicine

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5
Q

Definition intracerebroventricular (ICV)

A

Injected into the cerebral ventricles

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6
Q

Definition of intradermal

A

Injected into the skin layer (liquid/suspension)

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7
Q

Definition of intrathecal (IT)

A

Injected into the membranes that enclose the spinal cord

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8
Q

Definition of transcutaneous

A

Fine powder blaster through the skin under pressure using a device or by diffusion from an adherent pathc

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9
Q

Definition of proprietary name

A

Brand name

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10
Q

Definition of common name

A

Active ingredient in a drug

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11
Q

Definition of chemical name

A

Tells you the chemical composition

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12
Q

Definition of assay

A

Investigative procedure for qualitatively assessing or quantitatively measuring the presence, amount or functional activity of the analyte

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13
Q

Definition of chemical library

A

Compound library, collection of stored chemicals with associated info such as the chemical structure, purity, quantity and physiochemical characteristics

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14
Q

Definition of combinatorial chemistry

A

Synthetic methods that make it possible to prepare a large no of compounds in a single process

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15
Q

What are drugs

A

Exogenous molecules that mimic/block the action of endogenous molecules or systems

Can be

  • chemically identical to an endogenous molecule
  • related to an endogenous molecule
  • chemically distinct from any endogenous molecule
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16
Q

How do drugs function

A

The lock and key model

Drug molecule with complementary shape to the receptor binds
This binding produces an effect

17
Q

What are the 3 types of pharmacological receptor

A

Physiological receptor
Other proteins
Nucleic acids

18
Q

Describe how physiological receptors work

What are examples of these receptors

A

Endogenous proteins that are the receptors for endogenous chemical signalling compounds (hormones, NT)

Adrenergic, cholinergic, SNS, PNS

19
Q

Describe how other proteins function as receptors

What are examples of these receptors

A

Enzymes, ion channels

Drugs bind to specific sites on proteins, prevent them from functioning or stimulate them

20
Q

Describe how nucleic acids can function as receptors

A

Drugs bind to regulatory sites on nucleic acids to influence gene expression or protein synthesis

21
Q

Describe how agonists and antagonists function

A

Agonists bind to the complementary receptor => response

Antagonists bind to the complementary receptor => prevents receptor from being activated

22
Q

Describe how reversible and irreversible drugs function

Why is the type of binding important

A

Reversible drugs
-Ionic and can have hydrophobic interactions between the receptor and the drug

Irreversible drugs
-Covalent bonds cannot be broken easily

Determines drugs primary effects

23
Q

What is the difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

A

Pharmacodynamics, what a drug does to an organism
The sum of all the actions of a drug

Pharmacokinetics, what the organism does to the drug (ADME)
Determines how fast a drug acts

24
Q

What is absorption

What is it influenced by

A

How much drug entrees the system and the speed of entry

  • Chemical properties of drug
  • Molecular size
  • Lipid solubility/ionization
  • Chemical, metabolic vulnerability
  • Routes of administration
  • Properties of the patient
25
Q

How does the route of administration affect the absorption of a drug

A

Each route has a different barrier to absorption

  • IV, no barriers
  • PO, absorbed by the gut => into the bloodstream => metabolized by the liver
26
Q

How do the properties of the patient affect the absorption of a drug

A
  • Fat, thin (affects lipophilic drugs)
  • Light, heavy (heavy people may need a larger dose)
  • Fed, empty stomach (affects absorption in GI)
  • Healthy, ill (hepatic disease => impaired metabolism, renal disease => impaired excretion)
27
Q

What is distribution

What is it influenced by

A

What happens after absorption
In order to achieve its effects, drug may need to diffuse through tissue/carried in blood

  • Blood soluble
  • Stick to proteins or cells
  • Does it concentrate in fats or aqueous solutions
  • Does the patient have adequate circulation
28
Q

What is metabolism and excretion

What is it influenced by

A

Duration of action determined by metabolism and excretion
If excreted rapidly, may have short duration of action

  • Location of metabolism and excretion
  • Health of liver and kidney
  • Whether metabolites are toxic
29
Q

What are the 5 ways of categorizing drugs

A 
Proprietary name, brand name
Common name, active ingredient
Chemical name, chemical composition
Therapeutic use, its function 
Mechanism, how it works
30
Q

Describe the preclinical pathway in making a new drug

A

Basic research info (science behind a biological process)

Idea (Based off scientific theory)

Hypothesis (Forms basis of idea for drug)

Assay systems (Combining natural products, compound libraries, combinatorial chemistry => starting chemicals => assay system)

Once an active chemical is found
Optimized
Tested on animal models

Becomes a drug candidate

31
Q

Describe Phase 0 in a clinical trial

A

Subtherapeutic doses in humans to work out pharmacokinetics
Can include tests on humanized animals
Not expected to have an effect

32
Q

Describe Phase 1 in a clinical trial

A

Small scale involving 20-80 healthy volunteers
Understand properties, side effects and safety
Tolerability and dose findings found here

33
Q

Describe Phase 2 in a clinical trial

A

Medium scale involving 100-300 patient volunteers

Understand side effects and safety and effectiveness

34
Q

Describe Phase 3 in a clinical trail

A

Large scale involving 1000-3000 patient volunteers
More uncontrolled variables
Understand side effects and confirms effectiveness
Comparisons with currently available medicines

35
Q

Who can you register a new drug with

A

UK, Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency (MHRA)
EU, European Medicines Agency (EMA)
US, Food and Drug Admin (FDA)

36
Q

Describe Phase 4 in a clinical trial

A

Post registration studies, every prescription is still a test
Test on different populations for long term safety

Physiology And Pharmacology Of Systems (22 decks)

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