Functions of Sleep and Dreaming

Question 1

General variability in sleep.bulk b/t?.some genuinely?

Answer 1

.bulk of ppl b/t 6-9 hrs each night.some genuinely need less sleep, more stage 4/REM, less stage 2/3, efficient sleep

Question 2

Micro-Sleeps.short episodes of? intrude due? results in?.duration?.there is a? e.g.?

Answer 2

.short episodes of sleep onset, intrude into waking life b/c sleep deprivation, result in impaired cognition and amnesia.from fraction of a second to 30 seconds.there is a “zoning out,” driver keep driving during microsleep, yet lost focus unaware

Question 3

REM must have a function, b/c if deprived…Study?.Ev time….subsequent nights?.b/c body?.up to how many?

Answer 3

There is a build up of REM pressure!.every time participant went into REM, would wake them up. each subsequent night would require more awakeneings b/c body try to go into REM more and more, up to 50 awakenings!

Question 4

Sleep must have some sort of function, because it makes us so _________.

Answer 4

Vulnerable!

Question 5

Sleep promotes 3 things…

Answer 5

Constancy - HomeostasisChange - HeteroplasticityRestorative(ness)

Question 6

1. Sleep & Homeostasis (Constancy).tendency of… to?.functions at?

Answer 6

.tendency of physiological systems to resist change.functions at physical and mental level (we feel imbalanced w/o sleep rite)

Question 7

2. Sleep & Change (Heteroplasticity)implicated?.plays function in?.helps us improve, to?

Answer 7

.REM implicated.changes?.plays function in learning.helps improve brain to better potential

Question 8

3. Sleep is Restorative1. protein?2. Growth h s?3. Growth of new?4. Mitosis of?5. Produces less? (restores, is?)

Answer 8

1. Protein Synthesis - rebuilding of proteins essential for body growth when younger, body repair when older2. Growth Hormone Secretion (happens in stage 4 most)3. Growth of new tissue/damage repair4. Mitosis of epithelial cells (tissue that lines organs/cavities)5. Produces less wear and tear on body tissue and cells (restores cell energy, this is more efficient during sleep)

Question 9

Rats & Homeostatic Function Study.how many, on where?.1 could, other?.for first, no?.at end of 2nd week? paws, weight, temp?.after 4 weeks?.author argued?THUS

Answer 9

.2 rats studied on rotating drum.1 could sleep any time, other would drop into water anytime it fell asleep.for first 7-10 days, no striking differences.at end of 2nd week, experimental rate ulcerated paws, ate more but lost weight!, could not regulate temperature.after 4 weeks, rat died!.author said b/c could not balance it’s physiological processes!THUS, sleep must enable and support homeostasis! without it, we die!

Question 10

REM Functions1. Aminergic n…, after being….when resting, get a….can be overruled by…2. Provides periodic…, to?3. Reorganization of, by?

Answer 10

1. Aminergic neurons “rest” during REM sleep, after being activated all day (why we lose steam at end of day)-When resting, get replenished supply of norepinephrine-can be overruled by circadian rhythms (NIGHT OWLS)2. Provides periodic endogenous brain stimulation to maintain baseline CNS functioning during sleep3. Reorganization of knowledge during sleep, associated with Ach activity during REM

Question 11

REM & Learning.rats learned difficult task showed….learned avoidance task….deprived of… showed?.honor students after?, days?

Answer 11

.Rats who learned difficult task showed increased REMs and longer REM.Rats learned avoidance task, increased REMs for up to a week.Rats deprived of REM sleep at specific times showed memory deficits.honor students after 4 days intense studying showed inc. REMs, but not inc. REM sleep, days afterward! (but usually there is increased REM too)

Question 12

Revonsuo purpose of dreaming?.dreams prune….rehearsal of th…

Answer 12

To simulate threat conditions to rehearse threat avoidance behaviors.dreams prune connections b/t threatening perceptual/emotional content and specific behavioral responses.rehearsal of threat-avoidance responses increases effectiveness of dealing w/ threat in waking life

Question 13

2 Stages of Revonsuo Threat Avoidance Behavior Rehearsala. Threat Recognition.during?.activation of?.evaluation of? by?.(a determines and…)

Answer 13

.during dreaming.activation of emotionally charged memory traces.evaluation of threat potential by amygdala.(amygdala determines threat severity and reacts before our awareness

Question 14

2 Stages of Revonsuo Threat Avoidance Behavior Rehearsalb. Threat Avoidance.selection and a of?.(no diff….)

Answer 14

.selection and activation of appropriate behavioral response.this stage no different than when we are awake, but inhibited right

Question 15

Evidence for Revonsuo theory.current.. expressed as….dreaming increases after… which in… dreaming was?

Answer 15

.current concerns expressed as monsters/aliens/wild animals, THREATS.dreaming increases after trauma, which in distant past was more immediate, and dreaming was wired in brain b/c adaptive

Question 16

Revonsuo’s Threat Simulation System evidence1. Kind of dreams after Trauma?.stress inc?.PTSD inc.?2. TSS is sens…

Answer 16

1. Intense, better remembered dreams after trauma.stress increases REM sleep.PTSD inc REM sleep and REMs2. TSS is sensitive to survival situations

Question 17

Revonsuo’s Threat Simulation System evidence3. Dreams seem…4. Dream action is…

Answer 17

3. Dreams seem real and are accepted as real4. Dream action experientially and neurophysiologically real

Question 18

Revonsuo’s Threat Simulation System evidence5. Mental training….e.g.?6. Ancestral threat? exposure to? so?

Answer 18

5. Mental training/rehearsal is effective in waking life as welle.g. visualization in sports or professional life improves effectiveness6. Ancestral threat: hunter-gatherer societies, constant exposure to predators, disease, trauma, short lives So adaptive.

Question 19

Barrett’s purpose for dreaming.disagrees w? why?.purpose is? which dreamers are?.even if don’t? are aware?

Answer 19

.disagrees w/ Revonsuo dreaming as TSS because most dreams not terrifying.purpose is creative problem solving, which dreamers are conscious of happening in dreams.even if don’t recall dream, are aware of issues/problems resolved over night of dreaming

Question 20

Dream incubation.practiced tech.?.deliberately?.barrett in study had? focusing?

Answer 20

.practiced technique for planting a seed in the mind.deliberately imposing a problem for oneself to be addressed during dreaming sleep.Barrett in a study had students go to bed focusing on an unsolved homework assignment, 2/3 had dreams addressing it, 1/3 solved

Question 21

Spandrel.space?.a support, but?

Answer 21

.space b/t two arches.a support, but serves no function.analogous to what people thought of dreaming

Question 22

Sleep Deprivation & Learning (Smith).h students did what?.waited? then.divided up, among?.who did best and second best? TSD?

Answer 22

.honor students learned a memory task.waited 4 days, then tested.divided students randomly among sleep deprivation conditions.

Question 23

What does Smith’s research suggest?.a mechanism that? over, after?.especially true for?.takeaway?

Answer 23

.there is a mechanism that continues to work over several days after acquisition of knowledge/skill.especially true for complex material.REM sleep crucial for learning consolidation for relatively challenging tasks

Question 24

REM Windows.defn?.smith study? if deprived, worst?.if deprived, didn’t matter?.if then though?.suggests?.long term?

Answer 24

.periods after learning where REM is essential in order for learning to be consolidated.if deprived 4 or 8 hrs after learning, poorest.if 24 hrs after, didn’t matter.if 2 days later tho, did poorly!.REM is crucial both immediately after learning, and in the days later!.REM has a function for not only short-term learning, but LONG term learning