functioning systems Flashcards
chapter 3
xylem
Xylem consists of dead thick-walled
tubes and is responsible for the transport of water and minerals upwards from the roots to the leaves.
The endocrine system
The endocrine system receives messages from the body and responds by sending out hormones. Hormones
are made in glands and travel in the bloodstream until they bind
to the target tissue or organ that interprets the message and carries out the response.
Digestive system
The digestive system physically and chemically breaks down food into smaller pieces and then into smaller molecules so they can be absorbed into the bloodstream
phloem
carries sugars produced in photosynthesis throughout the plant (either up or down) for use by cells in cellular respiration, for structure and for storage.
lignin
a complex polymer substance found in xylem cell walls where it provides strength and structure to the cell
wall and the plant
adhesion
attraction between water molecules and the walls
of xylem vessels that creates an upwards pull for water in the xylem
cohesion
the strong forces that exist between water
molecules and aid water movement upwards in the xylem (keeps water molecules together)
root pressure
the force that contributes a small amount of
force to push water up the stem from the roots
stomata
the holes or openings in
leaves and some stems that open and close to control the movement of gases into and out of the plant and control water loss
system
a number of organs that work together to perform
a function
translocation
movement in the phloem that transports sucrose, along with some amino acids and some mineral
salts, from a site of synthesis to a site of use or storage
transpiration
the loss of water from plants through evaporation from the moist inside cells of a leaf and diffusion of water vapour out of open stomata
mechanical digestion
large pieces of food are broken down into smaller pieces through chewing, muscular movement in the stomach and the action of bile in the small intestine
chemical digestion
occurs when enzymes speed up the breakdown of complex molecules into simple molecules so absorption can take place
mouth cavity
mechanical digestion by teeth
liver
produces bile
bile
is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, bile is not an enzyme it is involved in mechanical digestion of fats due to its detergent like-like action
gall bladder
stores bile and releases it into the small intestine
rectum
where faeces are formed
oesophagus
carries food from the mouth to the stomach
stomach
mechanical digestion by churning action, chemical digestion by pepsin
pyloric sphincter
band on circular muscle that regulates flow of material from stomach to duodenum
pancreas
produces pancreatic juice containing enzymes for digesting
chyme
contents of the stomach consisting of of partially digested food
colon
first section of large intestine where water, minerals and vitamins are absorbed into the blood
egestion
the removal of faeces from the digestive system through the anus
epidermis
the surface layer of cells in plants and animals, generally responsible for separating and protecting the organism form its external environment
external environment
surrounding and organism ad inside the digestive, respiratory and excretory systems
internal environment
all fluids that surround and bathe the cells, including tissue, fluid, blood and lymph
large intestine
consists of colon and rectum, absorb water and some salts back into the blood and to compact undigested food material to form faeces
organ
a structure made up of different types of tissue working together
peristalsis
waves of muscular contractions that push food down the oesophagus and through the length of the gut to the anus
protease
a protein digesting enzyme
small intestine
the longest part of the gastrointestinal tract, where digestion is completed and most absorption of digested food occurs
system
a number or organs that work together to perform a function
