cell structure and function Flashcards
what does photosynthesis do?
Converts energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose
inputs of photosynthesis
CO2 and H2O
outputs of photosynthesis
O2 and C6H12O6
light reactions
split H2O using sunlight and produce energy (ATP and NADPH) to power the Calvin Cycle and produce O2 as an output
The Calvin Cycle
produces glucose using the energy carriers (ATP and NADPH) and CO2 and produces glucose
chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight > C6H12O6 + 6O2
where does photo synthesis occur
the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
cellular respiration
Creates ATP from glucose, Can be aerobic (with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen)
aerobic respiration
uses oxygen to make 32 ATP
anaerobic respiration
does not require oxygen only makes 2 ATP
autotroph
Plants are unable to consume food/glucose they make their own glucose through a process known as photosynthesis
cell theory
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life
All living organisms are composed of cells
prokaryotic cells
much simpler, smaller and don’t have membrane bound organelles
bacteria are prokaryotes
eukaryotic cells
more complex, larger and have membrane bound organelles
heterotroph
an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients
plasma membrane
A phospholipid bilayer
that encloses the
contents of a cell,
and controls the
passage of
substances into and
out of the cell.
hydrophobic
does not like water
hydrophilic
water loving
phospholipids
have a head that is hydrophilic and two fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic
passive transport
movement of things in and out of the cell that does not require energy. osmosis and simple diffusion.
diffusion
movement of a
substance from a
region of high
concentration to a
region of low
concentration.
simple diffusion
Diffusion across a membrane
osmosis
movement of free water molecules
through a partially permeable
membrane, from a region of low solute
concentration to a region of high solute
concentration.
semipermeable membrane
a membrane which water is able to cross,
but a dissolved solute is unable to cross
solute
A molecule dissolved
in a solvent (usually
water).
isotonic
solute concentration outside equals solute concentration inside.
hypertonic
high solute concentration outside of the cell
hypotonic
low solute concentration outside of the cell
facilitated diffusion
Uses Channel Proteins to transport large molecules or ions across cell membrane.
active transport
Molecules can also be moved against their concentration gradient by a carrier protein, but this is an active process; it requires energy in the form of ATP.
bulk transport
Active movement
of a large molecule
into or out of a cell,
by enclosing it in a
membrane sac.
exocytosis
Bulk transport of
molecules out of
a cell.
endocytosis
Bulk transport into
a cell from the
extracellular fluid
