Functional Vision Entrance Tests

Question 1

What can children recieve if there is a failure to properly diagnose and treat binocular problems?

Answer 1

amblyopia

Question 2

What do we look for in vision screenings that are the most common risk factors for amblyopia?

Answer 2

strabismus and anisometropia

Question 3

what is anisometropia

Answer 3

a difference in refractive error btwn 2 eyes

Question 4

what are the 2 categories that binocular vision problems fall under?

Answer 4

1. problems where binocular vision is maintained but is stressful and uncomfortable 2. binocular is absent (tropias or strabismus) and can lead to amblyopia

Question 5

what is the definition of binocular

Answer 5

the use of both eyes simultaneously in such a manner that each retinal image contributes to the final perception

Question 6

what is functional vision

Answer 6

the ability to focus and coordinate the two eyes comfortably for visual tasks (esp at near). accomadtive and binocular skills

Question 7

what is fusion

Answer 7

the act of blending of uniting 2 elements

Question 8

what are 2 types of fusion

Answer 8

sensory and motor

Question 9

what is sensory fusion

Answer 9

the ability to combine sensory info from each eye into a single image

Question 10

what are 2 sensory fusion tests

Answer 10

worth 4 dot and stereopsis

Question 11

what is motor fusion

Answer 11

the ability to align the 2 eyes and maintain alignment

Question 12

what are tests for motor fusion (4)

Answer 12

hirschberg, krimsky, brukner, cover test

Question 13

why are we binocular

Answer 13

1. spare eye
2. larger field of view
3. defects in one eye are masked by a normal image in the other eye
4. some visual perceptions better w/ 2 eyes than 1 (ex. VA)
5. steropsis

Question 14

is monocular or binocular perception developed first

Answer 14

binocular, by age of 4-6 months

Question 15

what are monocular cues used for

Answer 15

far distances

Question 16

what are the prerequisites for binocularity

Answer 16

1. 2 eyes function normally and equally
2. retinal image to od and os agree in size, illuminace, and color (senosry fusion)
3. eyes can be aligned so the retinal images of a fixed obj can be placed and maintained on the foveas of the 2 eyes (motor fusion)

Question 17

what is steropsis

Answer 17

binocular perception of depth that results from having a slightly diff view from each eye and combined to single image

Question 18

what does steopsis give us

Answer 18

fine motor coordination, better manipulative skills, better perception of 3D space

Question 19

what is local sign

Answer 19

a characteristic of the sensory system that tells us where things are located in space relative to one another and to ourslves.

• innate
• cortical

Question 20

what is principal visual direction?

Answer 20

the local sign of fovea corresponds to straight ahead

Question 21

what are corresponding points

Answer 21

pairs of points, one in each eye, that have the same visual direction, send their nerve impulses to the same point in the same visual cortex and give rise to sensory fusion

Question 22

pairs of points, one in each eye, that have the same visual direction, send their nerve impulses to the same point in the same visual cortex and give rise to sensory fusion

Answer 22

corresponding points

Question 23

a characteristic of the sensory system that tells us where things are located in space relative to one another and to ourslves.

Answer 23

local sign

Question 24

retinal disparity

Answer 24

stimulation of non-corresponding points

Question 25

what do large amounts of retinal display result in

Answer 25

diplopia

Question 26

what do small amounts of retinal display result in

Answer 26

steropsis

Question 27

physiological diplopia

Answer 27

normal dipolopia, ocurring in pts w/ normal binocular vision, for nonfixated objs whos images stimulate disparate points on the 2 retinas

Question 28

what are the 4 types of sensory fusion

Answer 28

1. simultaneous 2. superimposition 3. flat fusion 4. steropsis

Question 29

what is simulatneous perception

Answer 29

seeing an image w/ each eye at the same time, not really fusion at all

Question 30

what is superimposition

Answer 30

seeing 2 images and localizing them in the same place

Question 31

what is flat fusion

Answer 31

combining 2 images w/ some similar detail and some non similar detail

Question 32

what is the perception of depth

Answer 32

steropsis

Question 33

what does the worth 4 dot test for

Answer 33

flat fusion

Question 34

what is it called when a pt sees 4 dots on the worth 4 dot test

Answer 34

fusion reponse

Question 35

what is it called when a pt sees 2 red dots

Answer 35

suppression response. suppressing the left eye

Question 36

what is it called when a pt sees 3 green dots

Answer 36

suppression response. supressing right eye

Question 37

what is it called when a pt sees 5 dots

Answer 37

diplopia response

Question 38

the ability to focus and coordinate the two eyes comfortably for visual tasks (esp at near). accomadtive and binocular skills

Answer 38

functional vision

Question 39

the use of both eyes simultaneously in such a manner that each retinal image contributes to the final perception

Answer 39

binocular

Question 40

what are binocular cues used for

Answer 40

close distances

Question 41

waht does local sign tell us about an object that is imaged on the nasal region

Answer 41

the object is located temporally

Question 42

what does local sign tell us about an object that is imaged on the temporal retina

Answer 42

the object is located nasaly to the eye

Question 43

in order for sensory and motor fusion to occur, where must the image on the right and left retina go

Answer 43

to the same place in the visual cortex

Question 44

what instrument tests simultaneous perception and superimposition

Answer 44

steroscpe

Question 45

in the worth 4 dot test, if the red dots are to the right of the green dots, the pt has...

Answer 45

eso deviation

Question 46

in the worth 4 dot test, if the red dots are to the left of the green dots, the pt has...

Answer 46

exo deviation

Question 47

if the red dots are above the green dots the pt has...

Answer 47

hyperdeviation

Question 48

if the red dots are below the green dots the pt has...

Answer 48

hyper deviation

Question 49

if the pt sees 4 dots, record

Answer 49

"Fusion"

Question 50

if the pt sees 2 red dots, record

Answer 50

supression os

Question 51

if the pt sees 3 green dots, record

Answer 51

suppression od

Question 52

if the pt sees 5 dots, recrod

Answer 52

diplopia

Question 53

in diplopia, if the green dots are to the left of the red dots record

Answer 53

eso

Question 54

in diplopia, if the green dots are to the right of the red dots record

Answer 54

exo

Question 55

in diplopia, if the green dots are on top of the red dots record

Answer 55

R hyper

Question 56

in diplopia, the the green dots are below the red dots record

Answer 56

L hyper

Question 57

how far away do you hold the worth 4 dot flashlight from pt

Answer 57

40 cm