Functional Groups Transformations

Question 1

Alkane -> Halogenoalkane

Answer 1

X2 + UV light

X2 = for example Cl2 or Br2

Question 2

Alkene -> Alkane

Answer 2

H2 + Nickel catalyst

Question 3

Alkene -> Halogenoalkane

Answer 3

HX

HX = for example HCl or HBr

Question 4

Halogenoalkane -> Alkene

Answer 4

KOH + Ethanol + Reflux

Question 5

Halogenoalkane -> Alcohol

Answer 5

Aqueous KOH + Reflux

Question 6

Alcohol -> Chloroalkane

Answer 6

PCl5 or HCl

Question 7

Alcohol -> Bromoalkane

Answer 7

KBr + H2SO4

Question 8

Alcohol -> Alkene

Answer 8

Conc H3PO4

Question 9

Alkene -> Alcohol

Answer 9

Steam + H3PO4

Question 10

Alkene -> Dihalogenoalkane

Answer 10

X2

X2 = for example Cl2 or Br2

Question 11

Alcohol -> Iodoalkane

Answer 11

I2 + Red phosphorus + Reflux

Question 12

Alkene -> Diol

Answer 12

Acidified KMnO4

Question 13

Alcohol -> Aldehyde

Answer 13

Potassium Dichromate + H2SO4 + Distillation

Question 14

Alcohol -> Ketone

Answer 14

Potassium Dichromate + H2SO4 + Reflux

Question 15

Aldehyde/Ketone -> Hydroxynitrile

Answer 15

HCN + Ethanol + Reflux

Question 16

Aldehyde -> Carboxylic acid

Answer 16

Potassium Dichromate + H2SO4 + Reflux

Question 17

Alcohol -> Ester

Answer 17

Carboxylic acid + acid catalyst
OR
Acyl chloride

Question 18

Ester -> Alcohol + Carboxylic acid

Answer 18

Reflux + dilute acid or alkali

Question 19

Carboxylic acid -> Ester

Answer 19

Alcohol + acid catalyst

Question 20

Acyl chloride -> Ester

Answer 20

Alcohol

Question 21

Carboxylic acid -> Acyl chloride

Answer 21

PCl5

Question 22

Acyl chloride -> Carboxylic acid

Answer 22

Cold H2O

Question 23

Halogenoalkane -> Primary amine

Answer 23

Excess ammonia in ethanol + heat in sealed tube

Question 24

Halogenoalkane -> Nitrile

Answer 24

KCN + Ethanol + Reflux

Question 25

Halogenoalkane -> Carboxylic acid

Answer 25

Mg + dry ether (grignard) | Then + CO2 and dilute acid

Question 26

Acyl chloride -> Primary amide

Answer 26

NH3

Question 27

Acyl chloride -> Secondary amide

Answer 27

Primary amine

Question 28

Acyl chloride -> Tertiary amide

Answer 28

Secondary amine

Question 29

Nitrile -> Primary amine

Answer 29

LiAlH4 + dilute acid

Question 30

Benzene -> Alkyl benzene

Answer 30

Halogenoalkane + AlCl3 catalyst + Reflux

Question 31

Benzene -> Phenylketone

Answer 31

Acyl chloride + AlCl3 catalyst + Reflux

Question 32

Benzene -> Nitrobenzene

Answer 32

Conc HNO3 + Conc H2SO4 catalyst | below 55C to stop further nitros from attaching

Question 33

Nitrobenzene -> Phenylamine

Answer 33

Tin + Conc HCl + reflux | Then NaOH

Question 34

Benzene -> Bromobenzene

Answer 34

Br2 + Iron filings

Question 35

Benzene -> Halobenzene

Answer 35

X2 + Halogen carrier (e.g AlCl3)

Question 36

Phenol + Bromine water ->

Answer 36

Tribromophenol

Question 37

What are the four ways of extending the carbon chain?

Answer 37

- RX + KCN - Friedel-Crafts - HCN + Carbonyl - Grignard

Question 38

How can you use RX (halogenoalkane) and CN- to extend the carbon chain? Use CH3Br as the halogenoalkane example

Answer 38

CH3Br + KCN -> CH3CN + KBr

Question 39

What are the two types of Friedel-Crafts?

Answer 39

Alkylation | Acylation

Question 40

How does alkylation work?

Answer 40

Benzene + Halogenoalkane (with AlCl3 catalyst) -> Alkylbenzene + HX

Question 41

Use CH3Cl as the halogenoalkane example for Friedel-Crafts alkylation

Answer 41

Benzene + CH3Cl -> Methylbenzene + HCl

Question 42

What does the reaction between HCN and carbonyls form?

Answer 42

Hydroxynitriles

Question 43

CH3CHO + HCN ->

Answer 43

CH3CH(OH)CN 2-hydroxypropanenitrile

Question 44

How do you make grignard reagents?

Answer 44

Halogenoalkane + Mg + Dry ether solvent + Reflux

Question 45

CH3Br + Mg ->

Answer 45

CH3MgBr

Question 46

CH3MgBr + H2O ->

Answer 46

CH3CH3

Question 47

How do you get from grignard to carboxylic acid?

Answer 47

``` Grignard + CO2 Then hydrolysed (+ H2O) in the presence of dilute acid ```

Question 48

How do you get from grignard to alcohol?

Answer 48

``` Grigard + Carbonyl Then hydrolysed (+ H2O) in the presence of dilute acid ```