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Edexcel A-Level Chemistry > Functional Groups Transformations > Flashcards

Functional Groups Transformations Flashcards

1
Q

Alkane -> Halogenoalkane

A

X2 + UV light

X2 = for example Cl2 or Br2

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2
Q

Alkene -> Alkane

A

H2 + Nickel catalyst

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3
Q

Alkene -> Halogenoalkane

A

HX

HX = for example HCl or HBr

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4
Q

Halogenoalkane -> Alkene

A

KOH + Ethanol + Reflux

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5
Q

Halogenoalkane -> Alcohol

A

Aqueous KOH + Reflux

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6
Q

Alcohol -> Chloroalkane

A

PCl5 or HCl

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7
Q

Alcohol -> Bromoalkane

A

KBr + H2SO4

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8
Q

Alcohol -> Alkene

A

Conc H3PO4

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9
Q

Alkene -> Alcohol

A

Steam + H3PO4

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10
Q

Alkene -> Dihalogenoalkane

A

X2

X2 = for example Cl2 or Br2

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11
Q

Alcohol -> Iodoalkane

A

I2 + Red phosphorus + Reflux

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12
Q

Alkene -> Diol

A

Acidified KMnO4

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13
Q

Alcohol -> Aldehyde

A

Potassium Dichromate + H2SO4 + Distillation

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14
Q

Alcohol -> Ketone

A

Potassium Dichromate + H2SO4 + Reflux

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15
Q

Aldehyde/Ketone -> Hydroxynitrile

A

HCN + Ethanol + Reflux

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16
Q

Aldehyde -> Carboxylic acid

A

Potassium Dichromate + H2SO4 + Reflux

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17
Q

Alcohol -> Ester

A

Carboxylic acid + acid catalyst
OR
Acyl chloride

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18
Q

Ester -> Alcohol + Carboxylic acid

A

Reflux + dilute acid or alkali

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19
Q

Carboxylic acid -> Ester

A

Alcohol + acid catalyst

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20
Q

Acyl chloride -> Ester

A

Alcohol

21
Q

Carboxylic acid -> Acyl chloride

A

PCl5

22
Q

Acyl chloride -> Carboxylic acid

A

Cold H2O

23
Q

Halogenoalkane -> Primary amine

A

Excess ammonia in ethanol + heat in sealed tube

24
Q

Halogenoalkane -> Nitrile

A

KCN + Ethanol + Reflux

25
Q

Halogenoalkane -> Carboxylic acid

A

Mg + dry ether (grignard)

Then + CO2 and dilute acid

26
Q

Acyl chloride -> Primary amide

A

NH3

27
Q

Acyl chloride -> Secondary amide

A

Primary amine

28
Q

Acyl chloride -> Tertiary amide

A

Secondary amine

29
Q

Nitrile -> Primary amine

A

LiAlH4 + dilute acid

30
Q

Benzene -> Alkyl benzene

A

Halogenoalkane + AlCl3 catalyst + Reflux

31
Q

Benzene -> Phenylketone

A

Acyl chloride + AlCl3 catalyst + Reflux

32
Q

Benzene -> Nitrobenzene

A

Conc HNO3 + Conc H2SO4 catalyst

below 55C to stop further nitros from attaching

33
Q

Nitrobenzene -> Phenylamine

A

Tin + Conc HCl + reflux

Then NaOH

34
Q

Benzene -> Bromobenzene

A

Br2 + Iron filings

35
Q

Benzene -> Halobenzene

A

X2 + Halogen carrier (e.g AlCl3)

36
Q

Phenol + Bromine water ->

A

Tribromophenol

37
Q

What are the four ways of extending the carbon chain?

A
  • RX + KCN
  • Friedel-Crafts
  • HCN + Carbonyl
  • Grignard
38
Q

How can you use RX (halogenoalkane) and CN- to extend the carbon chain?
Use CH3Br as the halogenoalkane example

A

CH3Br + KCN -> CH3CN + KBr

39
Q

What are the two types of Friedel-Crafts?

A

Alkylation

Acylation

40
Q

How does alkylation work?

A

Benzene + Halogenoalkane (with AlCl3 catalyst) -> Alkylbenzene + HX

41
Q

Use CH3Cl as the halogenoalkane example for Friedel-Crafts alkylation

A

Benzene + CH3Cl -> Methylbenzene + HCl

42
Q

What does the reaction between HCN and carbonyls form?

A

Hydroxynitriles

43
Q

CH3CHO + HCN ->

A

CH3CH(OH)CN 2-hydroxypropanenitrile

44
Q

How do you make grignard reagents?

A

Halogenoalkane + Mg + Dry ether solvent + Reflux

45
Q

CH3Br + Mg ->

A

CH3MgBr

46
Q

CH3MgBr + H2O ->

A

CH3CH3

47
Q

How do you get from grignard to carboxylic acid?

A 
Grignard + CO2
Then hydrolysed (+ H2O) in the presence of dilute acid
48
Q

How do you get from grignard to alcohol?

A 
Grigard + Carbonyl
Then hydrolysed (+ H2O) in the presence of dilute acid

Edexcel A-Level Chemistry (24 decks)

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