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Edexcel A-Level Chemistry > Chapter 6 - Steven > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Steven Flashcards

1
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen.

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2
Q

If an organic compound contains elements other than carbon and hydrogen, is it a hydrocarbon?

A

No

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3
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Compounds which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

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4
Q

What does the -ate part of carbohydrate show?

A

That it contains oxygen.

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5
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

The compound only contains single bonds.

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6
Q

What does unsaturated mean?

A

A compound containing 1 or more multiple bonds.

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7
Q

What is a multiple bond?

A

2 or more covalent bonds between 2 atoms.

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8
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated

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9
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

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10
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

A compound containing carbon

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11
Q

What is the displayed formulae?

A

Formula which shows every atom and every bond separately.

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12
Q

What is the structural formulae?

A

Formula where you do not show the individual atoms (e.g CH3 - CH2 - CH3)

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13
Q

What is the skeletal formulae?

A

Formula that shows the only bonds between the carbon atoms. Every change in direction means there is a new carbon atom.

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14
Q

What is the molecular formulae?

A

They only show how many atoms there are in the whole compound.

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15
Q

What is the empirical formulae?

A

The simplest ratio of atoms.

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16
Q

When the numbers in the molecular formula cannot be simplified, what does it tell you?

A

The molecular formula and empirical formula are identical.

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17
Q

What is a functional group?

A

An atom or group of atoms in a molecule that is responsible for its chemical reactions.

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18
Q

What is a homologous group?

A

A family of compounds with the same functional group, which differ in formula by CH2 each time.

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19
Q

In a homologous group, what does each compound increase by in terms of Carbons and Hydrogens?

A

CH2

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20
Q

Do alkanes have a functional group?

A

No

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21
Q

Do alkanes form a homologous series?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CH2+2

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23
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

The carbon=carbon double bond

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24
Q

What is the general formula of halogenoalkanes?

A

CnH2n+1X

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25
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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26
Q

What is the functional group of alcolohols?

A

The OH bond

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27
Q

When alkanes are burned completely in air, what do they form?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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28
Q

What happens to the boiling temperature of alcohols as you go down the homologous series?

A

It increases

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29
Q

What is ‘Nomenclature’?

A

The detailed rules needed for naming very complicated compounds.

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30
Q

How many carbon atoms does methyl indicate?

A

1

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31
Q

How many carbon atoms does ethyl indicate?

A

2

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32
Q

How many carbon atoms does propyl indicate?

A

3

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33
Q

How many carbon atoms does butyl indicate?

A

4

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34
Q

How many carbon atoms does pentyl indicate?

A

5

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35
Q

What do you do if there is 2 of the same type of prefix?

A

You put a ‘di’ infront of it.

e.g. dimethyl or diethyl

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36
Q

What do you do if there is 3 of the same type of prefix?

A

You put a ‘tri’ infront of it.

e.g. trimethyl or triethyl

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37
Q

If the C=C bond is between the 2nd and 3rd carbon atom of butene, what is the molecule calles?

A

But-2-ene

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38
Q

What do all alcohols end in?

A

-ol

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39
Q

What is a prefix?

A

A set of letters written at the beginning of the molecule

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40
Q

What is a suffix?

A

A set of letters written at the end of a name

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41
Q

What is a locant?

A

A number used to indicate which carbon atom in the chain an atom or group is attached to.

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42
Q

What is the suffix of alkenes?

A

-ene

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43
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A reaction where 2 or more molecules join together to form a larger molecule.

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44
Q

What is a polymerisation reaction?

A

A reaction where lots of simple molecules form a giant molecule

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45
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

When a small group of atoms break away from a larger molecule.

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46
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

A reaction where one species is replaced by another

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47
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Splitting a molecule into 2 new molecules by adding H+ and OH- derived from water.

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48
Q

What is an oxidation reaction?

A

A reaction when a species loses electrons

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49
Q

What is a reduction reaction?

A

A reaction when a species gains electrons

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50
Q

What are mechanisms?

A

Diagrams that break reactions down into individual stages to show how substances react together

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51
Q

What does the curly arrow in a mechanism show you?

A

How electron pairs move around.

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52
Q

In a mechanism, what does the curly arrow point to?

A

Where the new bond is being formed at the end of the reaction.

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53
Q

In a reaction between chloromethane and aqueous potassium hydroxide, what is formed?

A

Methanol and potassium chloride

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54
Q

In the reaction between chloromethane and aqueous potassium hydroxided, what happens?

A
  • The carbon-chlorined bond breaks, and the electrons move to the chlorine atom
  • Electrons move from the hydroxide to the carbon to form a new bond
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55
Q

What are the 3 types of mechanisms?

A
  • Radical substitution
  • Electrophilic addition
  • Nucleophilic substitution
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56
Q

What are nucleophiles?

A

Electron pair donors

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57
Q

Are nucleophiles usually positively or negatively charged?

A

Negatively charged ions

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58
Q

Why are nucleophiles attracted to places that are electron poor?

A

Because they are electron rich.

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59
Q

What is a polar bond?

A

A covalent bond between 2 atoms where the electrons forming the bond are unequally distributed.

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60
Q

Do nucleophiles usually react with positive or negative ions?

A

Positive ions

61
Q

What do S+ and S- show?

A

Partial charges

62
Q

What are nucleophiles attracted to in a polar carbon-halogen bond?

A

The C S+ atom

63
Q

What is nucleophillic substitution?

A

When the nucleophile takes the halogen’s place in the original carbon-halogen bond

64
Q

What are electrophiles?

A

Electron pair acceptors.

65
Q

Are electrophiles usually positively or negatively charged?

A

Positively charged

66
Q

Are electrophiles electron poor or electron rich?

A

Electron poor

67
Q

What are electrophiles attracted to?

A

Areas that are electron rich

68
Q

Where do electrophiles usually react?

A

The electron-rich area around a C=C bond/

69
Q

What is electrophillic addition?

A

When an electrophile is strongly attracted to the C=C bond

70
Q

What are radicals?

A

Atoms with an unpaired electron.

71
Q

Why are radicals very reactive?

A

Becuase they have unpaired electrons

72
Q

What do radicals react with?

A

Anything

73
Q

What makes 2 molecules isomers of each other?

A

If they have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently

74
Q

What are the 2 types of isomers?

A
  • Structural isomers

- Steroisms

75
Q

What are the 3 types of structural isomers?

A
  • Chain isomers
  • Positional isomers
  • Functional group isomers
76
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

The carbons skeleton can be arranged in many ways, can be straight chain or branched.

77
Q

Give an example of chain isomers:

A

Butane and methylpropane

78
Q

What are positional isomers?

A

Where the functional group is attached to a different carbon atom

79
Q

What type of structural isomers are Butan-1-ol and Butan-2-ol?

A

Positional isomers

80
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

Where the same atoms can be rearranged into different functional groups

81
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hyrdocarbons

82
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

83
Q

What is bond fission?

A

Breaking a covalent bond

84
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When the bond breaks unevenly with one of the bonded atoms receiving both electrons.
X-Y –> X+ + Y-

85
Q

What is formed as a result of heterolytic fission?

A

A positively charged cation and a negatively charged anion.

86
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

When the bond breaks evenly and each bonding atom recieves one electron from the bonded pair.

87
Q

What is formed as a result of homolytic fission?

A

Uncharged radicals

88
Q

What are photochemical reactions?

A

Reactions started by ultraviolet light

89
Q

What are the 3 stages of the reaction mechanism for radical substitutions?

A

Initiation, Propagation and termination

90
Q

How are radicals produced in initiation reactions?

A
  • Sunlight provides enough energy to break the Cl-Cl bond
  • Each atom gets one electron.
  • The atom becomes a radical due to its unpaired electron
91
Q

What is photodissocation?

A

When energy from the sun breaks a bond

92
Q

What happens to the chlorine radical in a propagation reaction?

A
  • Cl attacks a methane molecule
  • The new methy radical (CH3( can attack another Cl2 molecule
  • The new Cl radical can attack another CH4 molecule, and so on until all the CH4 and Cl2 molecules are wiped out
93
Q

What happens to radicals in termination reactions?

A

They are destroyed

94
Q

If two free radicals join together, what do they form?

A

A stable molecule

95
Q

What happens in the termination reaction?

A

The different possible radicals join together

96
Q

What is the problem with termination reactions?

A

You end up with a mixture of products.

97
Q

Why do you get a mixture of products in a termination reaction?

A

Because there might be too much of one thing in the reaction and not enough of the other

98
Q

What is petroleum?

A

Crude oil

99
Q

What is petroleum a mixture of?

A

Small alkanes to massive alkanes

100
Q

How do you split up crude oil?

A

Through fractional distillation

101
Q

What is the 1st stage of fractional distillation?

A

Vaporizing the crude oil at 350C

102
Q

What happens to the vaporized crude oil?

A

It rises through the trays, the larger hydrocarbons don’t vaporize as their boiling points are too high

103
Q

What happens to the crude oil as it goes up the fractionating column?

A

It gets cooler, meaning fractions are drawn off at different levels in the column

104
Q

In fractional distillation, what happens to the hydrocarbons with the smallest boiling points?

A

They’re drawn off as gases at the top of the column

105
Q

What is hydrocarbon cracking?

A

Breaking the C-C bond, which results in multiple hydrocarbons being formed.

106
Q

What are the 2 types of cracking?

A
  • Thermal cracking

- Catalytic cracking

107
Q

What does thermal cracking produce?

A

Lots of alkenes

108
Q

What conditions does thermal cracking take place at?

A

A high temperature and high pressure

109
Q

What does catalytic cracking use?

A

A zeolite catalyst at a slight pressure and high temperature

110
Q

What does catalytic cracking produce?

A

Aromatic hydrocarbons and motor fuels

111
Q

What is knocking?

A

Where alkanes explode in their own accord when the fuel/air mixture in the engine is compressed

112
Q

What does reforming do?

A

It converts straight chain hydrocarbons into cyclic hydrocarbons.

113
Q

What catalyst does reforming use?

A

Platinum stuck on aluminum oxide

114
Q

What is a combustion reaction?

A

When you burn alkanes in oxygen.

115
Q

What are the products of a combustion reaction?

A

Carbon dioxide and Water

116
Q

What can combustion only occur between?

A

Gases

117
Q

As alkenes release so much energy, what makes them useful?

A

They are excellent fuels

118
Q

How do we generate most of our electricity?

A

Through fossil fuels

119
Q

Name 3 pollutants formed from the incomplete combustion of fuels?

A
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Soot
  • Oxides of sulfur and nitrogen
120
Q

What is the oxygen in your blood carried around by?

A

Haemoglobin

-

121
Q

What does carbon monoxide do in your blood?

A

It bonds to the haemoglobin before the oxygen, which means less oxygen is carried around your body.

122
Q

What can acid rain be caused by?

A

Fossil fuels that contain sulfur

123
Q

When sulfur is burned, what is produced?

A

Sulfur dioxide gas, which when dissolved in moisture turns into sulfuric acid

124
Q

When are oxides of nitrogen produced?

A

When the high pressure and temperature in a car engine cause the nitrogen and the oxygen in the air to react

125
Q

What are the consequences of acid rain?

A
  • Destroys trees

- Corrodes building and structures

126
Q

What do catalyctic converters do?

A

They get rid of pollutants using a platinum catalyst to change them to harmless gases

127
Q

What does 2NO + CO —> ?

A

N2 +CO2

128
Q

What is the non-renewable source?

A

A source which will run out

129
Q

What is a renewable source?

A

A source which will not run out

130
Q

What are biofuels made from?

A

Living matter

131
Q

How is biodiesel made?

A

By refining renewable fats and oils

132
Q

When biofuels are growing, what do they absorb?

A

Carbon dioxide

133
Q

What are classified as ‘carbon neutral’?

A

Biofuels, as they absorb CO2 and produce CO2 when burnt

134
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

135
Q

What type of bonds are single bonds?

A

Sigma bonds

136
Q

When is a sigma bond formed?

A

When 2 orbitals overlap in a straight line

137
Q

As there is a high electron density between the 2 nuclei in a sigma bond, what does this mean?

A

There is a strong electrostatic attraction between the nuclei and shared pair of electrons

138
Q

What type of bond has a high bond enthalpy?

A

Sigma bonds

139
Q

What is the strongest type of covalent bond?

A

Sigma bonds.

140
Q

What is a double bond made up of?

A

A sigma bond and a pi bond.

141
Q

When is a pi bond formed?

A

When 2 lobes of 2 orbitals overlap sideways

142
Q

As the electron density is spread out in a pi bond, what is the electrostatic attraction like?

A

It is weaker than sigma bonds, so pi bonds have relaticely low enthalpy

143
Q

What is stronger, a single or double bond?

A

A single bond is 2x stronger than a double bond

144
Q

What does planar mean?

A

The carbons lay in the same plane

145
Q

What does trigonal planar mean?

A

The atoms attatched to each double bond are at the corners of an imaginary equilateral triangle.

146
Q

Why can’t C=C bonds rotate?

A

Because of the way pi orbitals overlap to form pi bonds

147
Q

What causes alkenes to form stereoisomers?

A

The restricted rotation around the C=C double bond.

148
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Isomers that have the same structural formula but a different arrangement

149
Q

When do stereoisomers occur?

A

When the 2 double bonded carbon atoms each have 2 different atoms or groups attatched to them

Edexcel A-Level Chemistry (24 decks)

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