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Edexcel A-Level Chemistry > Chapter 6 (II) - Steven > Flashcards

Chapter 6 (II) - Steven Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the reaction conditions for reacting a halogenoalkane to form an alcohol?

A
  • Use warm aqueous potassium hydroxide

- Heat under reflux

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2
Q

What are the reaction conditions for reacting a halogenoalkane to form a nitrile?

A
  • Heat under reflux

- Use potassium cyanide in ethanol

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3
Q

What is a nitrile?

A

When there is a triple bond between the C and N

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4
Q

What are the reaction conditions for reacting a halogenoalkane to form an amine?

A

-Warm with excess ethanolic ammonia

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5
Q

What is an amine?

A

Organic compunds based on ammonia (NH3), but one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups.

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6
Q

When halogenoalkanes undergo elimination reactions, what do they form?

A

An alkene

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7
Q

What are the reaction conditions for when a halogenoalkane undergoes an elimination reaction?

A
  • React with a warm alkali dissolved in ethanol

- Heat under reflux

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8
Q

When alcohols are dehydrated, what do they form?

A

Alkenes

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9
Q

What do you react alcohols with to form a chlorooalkane?

A

HCl or PCl5

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10
Q

How do you make an iodoalkane from an alcohol?

A

By reacting the alcohol with phosphorus triidide and then iodine

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11
Q

When halogenoalkanes are hydrolysed, what do they form?

A

Water

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12
Q

How do you compare the reactivities of halogenoalkanes?

A

1) Mix the halogenoalkane with water and silver nitrate solution, so that a silver halide precipitate is formed
2) Time how long it takes for the precipitate to form in each test tube

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13
Q

What happens to the rate of hydrolusis of halogneoalkens as you go down group 7?

A

It increases as bond enthalpy decreases

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14
Q

What hydrolyses the quickest, a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol?

A

A tertiary alcohol

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15
Q

When you react alcohols with PCl5 or HCl what is produced?

A

A chloroalkane

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16
Q

When you react an alcohol with HBr, what is produced ?

A

A bromoalalkane

17
Q

When you react an alcohol with red phosphorus and iodine, what is made?

A

An iodoalkane

18
Q

When alcohols are dehydrated, what do they form?

A

Alkenes

19
Q

What products are formed when an alcohol is refluxed with red phosphorus and iodine?

A

3RI + H3PO3

20
Q

What do primary alcohols oxidise to?

A

Aldehydes and then to carboxylic acids

21
Q

What do secondary alcohols oxidise to?

A

Ketones

22
Q

What do tertiary alcohols oxidise to?

A

They don’t oxidise

23
Q

What is the general formula of aldehydes and ketones?

A

CnH2nO

24
Q

What is the difference between a ketone and an aldehyde?

A

Ketones have 2 alkyl groups attatched to the carbonyl carbon atom, whereas aldehydes only have 1

25
Q

How can you test whether a compound is an aldehyde or a ketone?

A

-Benedicts solution will turn brick-red if it is an aldehyde’

26
Q

How do you get just an aldehyde from a primary alcohol?

A

You need to get it out of the oxidising solution as soon as it is formed. You can do this by gently heating excess alcohol with a controlled amount of oxdising agent in distillation apparatus, so the aldehyde is distilled off immediately

27
Q

How do you oxidise secondary alcohols into ketones?

A

Under reflux

28
Q

What is the only way of oxidising tertiary alcohols?

A

By burning them

29
Q

What does refluxing make sure?

A

You don’t lose any volatile organic substances

30
Q

What problem does refluxing allow you to get around?

A

Organic compounds evaporating or catching fire before they have time to react

31
Q

How does distillation work?

A

By gently heating a mixture, where the substances will evaporate out of the mixture in order of increasing boiling points

32
Q

If a product and its impurities have different boiling points, what should you use to seperate them?

A

Distillation

33
Q

What does separation do?

A

It removes any water soluble impurities from the product

34
Q

When do you use separation?

A

If a product is insoluble

35
Q

How do you do the process of separation?

A

1) Pour the mixture into a separating funnel and add water
2) Shake the funnel and allow it to settle
3) The organic layer and the aqueous layer should separate

36
Q

What is meant by the term reflux?

A

A contnuous boiling,evaporation and condensation. It’s done to prevent loss of volatile liquids while heating

37
Q

How can you remove traces of water from a mixture?

A

Add an anhydrous salt, such as calcium chloride which binds to any water present

Edexcel A-Level Chemistry (24 decks)

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