Functional groups

Question 1

Carbons

Answer 1

• Organic molecules contain carbon.
• Carbon always forms 4 covalent
  bonds (four single, two single & a
  double, two double or a single & a
  triple)
• C—C and C—H bonds are very strong
  (non-polar covalent and difficult to
  break)
  => Carbon and hydrogen form the
  backbone of biomolecules.
• Carbon can bond to H, O, N, P, S
  (functional groups)

Question 2

Hydrocarbons

Answer 2

Made of carbon and hydrogen.

• Alkane
• Alkene
• Alkyne

Question 3

Alkane

Answer 3

• Saturated (zero unsaturations) →
  CnH2n+2
  \/\/\/\/

Question 4

Alkene

Answer 4

• contain double bonds C=C (each
  double bond → 1 unsaturation, -2H)
  >=

Question 5

Cycloalkane

Answer 5

• Contain cycle (each cycle →

unsaturation, -2H)

Question 6

Alkyne

Answer 6

• Contain triple bonds C≡C (each triple bond → 2 unsaturations, -4H)
• ≡-

Question 7

Alcohol

Answer 7

Molecules with oxygen bonded by two single bonds

R-OH /\/\/\/OH

Question 8

Ethers

Answer 8

Molecules with oxygen bonded by two single bonds

R1-O-R2 -O-

Question 9

Carbonyl compounds

Answer 9

Contain a double bond with oxygen.

• Aldehyde
• Ketone
• Carboxylic acid
• Ester
• Amide

Question 10

Aldehyde

Answer 10

Double bond with oxygen, single bond with hydrogen and single bond with R group.
H
O=<
R

Question 11

Ketone

Answer 11

Double bond with oxygen and two single bonds with R groups.
R1
O=<
R2

Question 12

Carboxylic acid

Answer 12

Double bond with oxygen, single bond with OH and single bond with R group.
OH
O=<
R

Question 13

Ester

Answer 13

Double bond with oxygen, single bond with O-R and single bond with another R group.
O-R1
O=<
R2

Question 14

Amide

Answer 14

Double bond with oxygen, single bond with NH that has a bond to an R group and a single bond to another R group.
NH-R2
O=<
R1

Question 15

Amine

Answer 15

Nitrogen based.

R-NH2