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Case 6 > Functional Anatomy of the Brain > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the brain lobes

A

4: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe

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2
Q

What are the two main sulci

A

Lateral sulcus (also known as Sylvian fissure) and central sulcus

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3
Q

What is the insula cortex hidden by

A

The lateral sulcus

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4
Q

What are the “hills” of the brain

A

Gyri

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5
Q

What are the “valleys” of the brain

A

Sulci

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6
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum

A

It provides a rout for information to get from one hemisphere to the other without having to synapse further down

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7
Q

What is the corpus callosum essential for

A

Normal functioning and integration

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8
Q

What are ventricles

A

Fluid-filled spaces in the brain

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9
Q

What are the 3 main arteries coming off the Circle of Willis

A

Anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery

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10
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply

A

The parietal lobe

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11
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

The area for motor control and the area that receives feedback from teh somatosensory system

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12
Q

What happens if you have a stroke in your MCA

A

It has a big impact on your life

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13
Q

What does the motor cortex describe

A

A place and function

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14
Q

Why can surgery be done under local anaesthetic

A

There are no pain receptors in neural tissue

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15
Q

What is the main output area of the brain

A

The primary motor cortex

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16
Q

What does the primary auditory cortex receive information from

A

The olfactory system

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17
Q

What are Brodmann’s areas

A

A cytotechtonic map of cell density, shape and distribution

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18
Q

What is the primary visual cortex

A

The first cortical region to receive information from the eyes

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19
Q

What is the primary somatosensory cortex

A

The first cortical region to receive information from receptors in the skin, muscles and tendons

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20
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex

A

The first cortical area to receive information from the ears

21
Q

What does damage to a primary area mean

A

Consequent regions of the brain and information fed into the brain is redundant

22
Q

What is the primary motor cortex

A

Provides an entire map of the body’s muscles and is responsible for muscular control making it the major output of the brain

23
Q

How does PET scanning actively map metabolism of the brain

A

By tracking where oxygenated blood is flowing

24
Q

What are you using when you are hearing words

A

Auditory area

25
Q

What are you using when you are seeing words

A

Occipital lobe

26
Q

What are you using when you are speaking words

A

Primary motor cortex

27
Q

What is the retrosplenial cortex involved in

A

Spatial awareness/ navigation

28
Q

Where is CSF

A

In the ventricles and surrounds the brain

29
Q

What is CSF constantly produced by

A

The choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles at a rate of 500ml.day

30
Q

Describe the flow of CSF

A

From the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen into the third ventricle then through the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle befoe entering the subarachnoid space (or spinal canal)

31
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed

A

In the arachnoid villus before heading to the superior sagittal spinus

32
Q

What are the functions of CSF

A

Allows the brain to float (almost weightless), mechanical protection from injury, provides chemical stability for the brain, protects against ischaemia

33
Q

What does the fact that the brain floats mean

A

There is mechanical buffering- at low speed impacts the brain doesn’t smack straight into the scalp. The CSF provides chemical stability as if there is a high concentration of neurotransmitters/ ions the CSF removes them before damage occurs

34
Q

Describe Weigert’s stain for CNS tissue

A

A stain for lipids which therefore stains all the myelin sheath darkly. So white matter made up of myelinated axons will be dark and grey matter containing neurone cell bodies will be unstained. Makes the internal capsule easily identifiable

35
Q

What happens if the internal capsule is damaged in stroke

A

The motor or sensory system will be affected

36
Q

Describe the lentiform nucleus

A

Contains the basal ganglia which provides motor control

37
Q

What is involved in Parkinson’s disease

A

The substantia nigra

38
Q

What is the fornix responsible for

A

Communication between the limbic system and rest of the brain

39
Q

Describe the hippocampus

A

Nodular and its wiring is held throughout the entirety of its structure. It sits on the medial temporal lobe deep within the brain

40
Q

What contrast is used in mid-sagittal MRI and why

A

T1 as it shows well the white and grey matter

41
Q

What is the brainstem

A

Nuclei

42
Q

What are the lots of small black dots that can be seen in transverse dissection and preparation of the brain

A

Blood vessels

43
Q

Where are the amygdala and hypothalamus burried

A

In the medial aspect of the temporal lobe

44
Q

Which structures are part of the limbic system

A

Amygdala and hippocampus

45
Q

What are the functions of the hippocampus

A

Aggressive behaviour, endocrine control via the hypothalamus, learning and memory. The hippocampus is very important in the formation of new memories

46
Q

What are the functions of the amygdala

A

Control over autonomic effects mediated by the hypothalamus, aggression and rage. The amygdala is involved in processing of positive and negative emotions and how memories are tagged with emotional context

47
Q

What can damage to he amygdala result in

A

Psychopathic behaviour and behaviour typical to that seen in people with PTSD

48
Q

What is the limbic system involved in

A

Motivation, emotion, learning and meory

Case 6 (10 decks)

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