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Pulm Physio > Functional Anatomy and Role of Gases > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy and Role of Gases Flashcards

1
Q

I am an air particle in the nose and want to travel to the alveoli to perform gas exchange. What am I going to be going through?

A
  1. Larynx
  2. Trachea
  3. Bifurcation of Trachea
  4. Main Bronchi
  5. Bronchioles
  6. Terminal Bronchioles
  7. Respiratory Bronchioles
  8. Alveoli
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2
Q

Which structures of the lung are cartilaginous?

A

Main Bronchi and Trachea

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3
Q

Which structure of the lung allows for gas exchange?

A

Alveoli

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4
Q

Lobar Anatomy

A

Right: Upper, Middle, Lower
Left: Upper, Lingula, Lower

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5
Q

Where is the bifurcation of the trachea relative to the lungs?

A

Upper lobes of both lungs

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6
Q

What is the function of Epithelial Cell Lining?

A

Protects the Airway

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7
Q

What are the components of the main bronchi?

A
  1. Soft Tissue
  2. Cartilaginous Tissue
  3. Goblet Cells
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8
Q

This functions to trap dust particles in order to remove them from the airway to prevent obstruction.

A

Mucus

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9
Q

Where is mucus located?

A

Throughout the entire airway path.

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10
Q

Where are ciliated epithelial cells located?

A

Everywhere but the alveoli

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11
Q

What do ciliated epithetlial cells do?

A

Move the mucus secreted by the goblet cells up the airways towards the trachea.

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12
Q

Two zones of intrapulmonary airways?

A
  1. Conducting Zone

2. Respiratory Zone

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13
Q

What part of the airways are conducting?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchial Tree
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Terminal bronchioles
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14
Q

What part of the airways are respiration?

A
  1. Respiratory Bronchioles

2. Alveolar Sacs

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15
Q

What part(s) of the airway(s) contain smooth muscle?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchial Tree
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Terminal bronchioles
  5. Respiratory Bronchioles
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16
Q

What part(s) of the airway(s) do(es) not contain smooth muscle?

A

Alveolar Sacs

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17
Q

The parts of the airway with smooth muscle have what type(s) of Nervous System Innervation?

A
  1. Sympathetic

2. Parasympathetic

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18
Q

What does the Sympathetic Nervous System do to the smooth muscle in the airways?

A

Bronchodilations!

Uses Norepinephrine

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19
Q

What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do to the smooth muscle in the airways?

A

Bronchoconstriction

Uses Acetylcholine

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20
Q

When auscultating the chest to identify airways, what zone of the intrapulmonary airways would you be auscultating?

A

Conduction Zone

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21
Q

This layer/zone of the airways has one thin layer of epithelial cells?

A

Respiratory Zone

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22
Q

Using pharmacotherapeutics or normal physiologic responses of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation will NOT affect which area/structures of the airways?

A

Alveolar Sacs

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23
Q

Airflow in the Large Airways (trachea/bronchi) is defined as?

A

Turbulent Flow

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24
Q

Airflow in Medium Sized Bronchi is defined as?

A

Transitional Flow

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25
Q

Airflow in Small Peripheral Airways (respiratory bronchioles) is defined as?

A

Laminar Flow

26
Q

What part of the lungs will you NOT hear airways sounds?

A

Alveoli

27
Q

What are the functional units of the lung?

A

Blood vessels and airways

28
Q

What is the mean pressure coming out of the heart (aka the systemic circulation pressure)?

A

100 mm Hg (Systolic 120; Diastolic 80)

29
Q

What is the mean pressure of the main pulmonary artery?

A

15 mm Hg

30
Q

Pulmonary artery is extremely thin and contains ___________ smooth muscle.

A

Relative little

31
Q

What makes the pulmonary capillaries unique in comparison to other vessels in the body?

A

If the pressure in the pulmonary capillaries fall below a certain number, the pulmonary capillaries will collapse allowing for the blood to move into a different pulmonary capillary bed with higher pressure.

32
Q

Hypoxia in the Pulmonary Vasculature elicits a different response than Systemic Vasculature. What is this different?

A

In hypoxic state in the lungs, vasoconstriction will occur to divert blood to a better oxygenated and ventilated alveoli.

In hypoxic state in the systemic vasculature, vasodilation will occur.

32
Q

Hypoxia in the Pulmonary Vasculature elicits a different response than Systemic Vasculature. What is this different?

A

In hypoxic state in the lungs, vasoconstriction will occur to divert blood to a better oxygenated and ventilated alveoli.

In hypoxic state in the systemic vasculature, vasodilation will occur.

33
Q

Deoxygenated blood from the right heart goes into lungs via the

A

Pulmonary Artery

33
Q

Deoxygenated blood from the right heart goes into lungs via the

A

Pulmonary Artery

34
Q

Oxygenated blood from the Left Heart that goes to the conducting airways via the

A

Brachial Artery

34
Q

Oxygenated blood from the Left Heart that goes to the conducting airways via the

A

Brachial Artery

35
Q

Blood that has come from the right and left heart into the lungs will be returned to the heart via the

A

Pulmonary Vein

39
Q

Blood that has come from the right and left heart into the lungs will be returned to the heart via the

A

Pulmonary Vein

40
Q

What are the three modes of gas movement?

A
  1. All Simple Passive Diffusion
  2. Blood flow (convection around the body)
  3. In tissues, no cell membrane – transporters
41
Q

Where are the Respiratory Control Centers located?

A

Medulla Oblongata

42
Q

What does the Medulla Oblongata sense and where does it sense this from?

A
  1. O2
  2. CO2
  3. pH

Arteries

43
Q

When there is a change in homeostatic normalcy in the arteries of the body, a signal is sent to the __________ which releases a __________ to the respiratory muscles to aid in compensation to bring the body back to homeostasis.

A

Medulla Oblongata; Motor Output

44
Q

What is the percentage of Oxygen in Room air?

A

21%

45
Q

What does the Pulse Oximeter measure?

A

The percent saturation of oxygen in the arteries

46
Q

At rest, what is the volume of Cardiac Output per minute?

A

5 L

47
Q

I’m an athlete (except not really…but I’m exercising), what is the volume of Cardiac Output per minute?

A

30 L

48
Q

Inspiration normally only involves the movement of what structure?

A

Diaphragm

49
Q

When needed, what muscles are recruited to aid in deep and heavy breathing?

A

SCM

External Intercostals

50
Q

Expiration is purely a ___________ process at rest. What causes this process?

A

Passive; Elastic Recoil

51
Q

If you are having difficulty breathing or are being forced to breathe (PFTs, FEV1), what muscles will assist this?

A

Internal Intercostals
External Oblique
Rectus Abdominis

52
Q

What is located in the Alveolar-Capillary Membrane?

A

Interstitial Fluid

53
Q

I am an O2 molecule and I want to find my lover Hemoglobin. What do I need to go through/do to get to the long lost Hb?

A 
Pulmonary Surfactant
Diffuses/Dissolves into the
Alveolar Epithelium
Diffuses/Dissolves into the
Alveolar Interstitium
Diffuses/Dissolves into the 
Capillary Endothelium
Diffuses/Dissolves into the
Plasma
Diffuses/Dissolves into the 
RBC
Binds to 
Hemoglobin
54
Q

At sea level, what is the Pressure of the Atmosphere?

A

760 mm Hg

55
Q

Gases exert __________ on liquid?

A

Pressure Force

56
Q

What is responsible for Lung Expansion?

A

Transpulmonary Pressure

Difference in pressure from Alveolus to Pleural Space: TPP = Palveolus - Ppleuralspace

57
Q

Typically, there is a ______ pressure in the Pleura that allows for lung _______ to occur. This is what is happening during ___________ cycle of respiration.

A

Negative
Expansion
Inspiratory

58
Q

The normal transpulmonary pressure is?

A 
TPP = Palveolus - Ppleural
TPP = 0 -  (-5)
TPP = +5

(allowing for lung expansion)

59
Q

When the pleural pressure and the alveolar pressure are equal at 0 cm H2O, what is this indicative of?

A

Transmural Chest Wound that introduced room air into the Pleural Space denoting a

PNEUMOTHORAX/Collapsed Lung

60
Q

Under physiological conditions the transpulmonary pressure is always _________.

A

Positive

61
Q

Under physiological conditions, intrapleural pressure is always _______ and relatively large, while alveolar pressure moves from slightly _________ to slightly _______ as a person inspires.

A

Negative; Positive; Negative

62
Q

How is inspiration and expiration controlled?

A

Changes in Pleural Pressure

Pulm Physio (5 decks)

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