Functional Anatomy and Role of Gases Flashcards
I am an air particle in the nose and want to travel to the alveoli to perform gas exchange. What am I going to be going through?
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bifurcation of Trachea
- Main Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal Bronchioles
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Alveoli
Which structures of the lung are cartilaginous?
Main Bronchi and Trachea
Which structure of the lung allows for gas exchange?
Alveoli
Lobar Anatomy
Right: Upper, Middle, Lower
Left: Upper, Lingula, Lower
Where is the bifurcation of the trachea relative to the lungs?
Upper lobes of both lungs
What is the function of Epithelial Cell Lining?
Protects the Airway
What are the components of the main bronchi?
- Soft Tissue
- Cartilaginous Tissue
- Goblet Cells
This functions to trap dust particles in order to remove them from the airway to prevent obstruction.
Mucus
Where is mucus located?
Throughout the entire airway path.
Where are ciliated epithelial cells located?
Everywhere but the alveoli
What do ciliated epithetlial cells do?
Move the mucus secreted by the goblet cells up the airways towards the trachea.
Two zones of intrapulmonary airways?
- Conducting Zone
2. Respiratory Zone
What part of the airways are conducting?
- Trachea
- Bronchial Tree
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
What part of the airways are respiration?
- Respiratory Bronchioles
2. Alveolar Sacs
What part(s) of the airway(s) contain smooth muscle?
- Trachea
- Bronchial Tree
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory Bronchioles
What part(s) of the airway(s) do(es) not contain smooth muscle?
Alveolar Sacs
The parts of the airway with smooth muscle have what type(s) of Nervous System Innervation?
- Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic
What does the Sympathetic Nervous System do to the smooth muscle in the airways?
Bronchodilations!
Uses Norepinephrine
What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do to the smooth muscle in the airways?
Bronchoconstriction
Uses Acetylcholine
When auscultating the chest to identify airways, what zone of the intrapulmonary airways would you be auscultating?
Conduction Zone
This layer/zone of the airways has one thin layer of epithelial cells?
Respiratory Zone
Using pharmacotherapeutics or normal physiologic responses of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation will NOT affect which area/structures of the airways?
Alveolar Sacs
Airflow in the Large Airways (trachea/bronchi) is defined as?
Turbulent Flow
Airflow in Medium Sized Bronchi is defined as?
Transitional Flow
Airflow in Small Peripheral Airways (respiratory bronchioles) is defined as?
Laminar Flow
What part of the lungs will you NOT hear airways sounds?
Alveoli
What are the functional units of the lung?
Blood vessels and airways
What is the mean pressure coming out of the heart (aka the systemic circulation pressure)?
100 mm Hg (Systolic 120; Diastolic 80)
What is the mean pressure of the main pulmonary artery?
15 mm Hg
Pulmonary artery is extremely thin and contains ___________ smooth muscle.
Relative little
What makes the pulmonary capillaries unique in comparison to other vessels in the body?
If the pressure in the pulmonary capillaries fall below a certain number, the pulmonary capillaries will collapse allowing for the blood to move into a different pulmonary capillary bed with higher pressure.
Hypoxia in the Pulmonary Vasculature elicits a different response than Systemic Vasculature. What is this different?
In hypoxic state in the lungs, vasoconstriction will occur to divert blood to a better oxygenated and ventilated alveoli.
In hypoxic state in the systemic vasculature, vasodilation will occur.
Hypoxia in the Pulmonary Vasculature elicits a different response than Systemic Vasculature. What is this different?
In hypoxic state in the lungs, vasoconstriction will occur to divert blood to a better oxygenated and ventilated alveoli.
In hypoxic state in the systemic vasculature, vasodilation will occur.
Deoxygenated blood from the right heart goes into lungs via the
Pulmonary Artery
Deoxygenated blood from the right heart goes into lungs via the
Pulmonary Artery
Oxygenated blood from the Left Heart that goes to the conducting airways via the
Brachial Artery
Oxygenated blood from the Left Heart that goes to the conducting airways via the
Brachial Artery
Blood that has come from the right and left heart into the lungs will be returned to the heart via the
Pulmonary Vein
Blood that has come from the right and left heart into the lungs will be returned to the heart via the
Pulmonary Vein
What are the three modes of gas movement?
- All Simple Passive Diffusion
- Blood flow (convection around the body)
- In tissues, no cell membrane – transporters
Where are the Respiratory Control Centers located?
Medulla Oblongata
What does the Medulla Oblongata sense and where does it sense this from?
- O2
- CO2
- pH
Arteries
When there is a change in homeostatic normalcy in the arteries of the body, a signal is sent to the __________ which releases a __________ to the respiratory muscles to aid in compensation to bring the body back to homeostasis.
Medulla Oblongata; Motor Output
What is the percentage of Oxygen in Room air?
21%
What does the Pulse Oximeter measure?
The percent saturation of oxygen in the arteries
At rest, what is the volume of Cardiac Output per minute?
5 L
I’m an athlete (except not really…but I’m exercising), what is the volume of Cardiac Output per minute?
30 L
Inspiration normally only involves the movement of what structure?
Diaphragm
When needed, what muscles are recruited to aid in deep and heavy breathing?
SCM
External Intercostals
Expiration is purely a ___________ process at rest. What causes this process?
Passive; Elastic Recoil
If you are having difficulty breathing or are being forced to breathe (PFTs, FEV1), what muscles will assist this?
Internal Intercostals
External Oblique
Rectus Abdominis
What is located in the Alveolar-Capillary Membrane?
Interstitial Fluid
I am an O2 molecule and I want to find my lover Hemoglobin. What do I need to go through/do to get to the long lost Hb?
Pulmonary Surfactant Diffuses/Dissolves into the Alveolar Epithelium Diffuses/Dissolves into the Alveolar Interstitium Diffuses/Dissolves into the Capillary Endothelium Diffuses/Dissolves into the Plasma Diffuses/Dissolves into the RBC Binds to Hemoglobin
At sea level, what is the Pressure of the Atmosphere?
760 mm Hg
Gases exert __________ on liquid?
Pressure Force
What is responsible for Lung Expansion?
Transpulmonary Pressure
Difference in pressure from Alveolus to Pleural Space: TPP = Palveolus - Ppleuralspace
Typically, there is a ______ pressure in the Pleura that allows for lung _______ to occur. This is what is happening during ___________ cycle of respiration.
Negative
Expansion
Inspiratory
The normal transpulmonary pressure is?
TPP = Palveolus - Ppleural TPP = 0 - (-5) TPP = +5
(allowing for lung expansion)
When the pleural pressure and the alveolar pressure are equal at 0 cm H2O, what is this indicative of?
Transmural Chest Wound that introduced room air into the Pleural Space denoting a
PNEUMOTHORAX/Collapsed Lung
Under physiological conditions the transpulmonary pressure is always _________.
Positive
Under physiological conditions, intrapleural pressure is always _______ and relatively large, while alveolar pressure moves from slightly _________ to slightly _______ as a person inspires.
Negative; Positive; Negative
How is inspiration and expiration controlled?
Changes in Pleural Pressure
