Control of Breathing and Acid Base Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation Rate is also termed

A

Control of Breathing

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2
Q

What parts of the body controls the ventilation rate/output?

A

Hindbrain (Medulla oblongata and the Pons)

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3
Q

The Higher brain centers in the brain controls….

A

Speech, Emotions, Voluntary, Breathing, Motor Breathing

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4
Q

Reflex using stretch receptors that happens when we reach a certain point where this is negative feedback that inhibits further stretch. Reflex occurs in the lungs.

A

Hering-Breuer Reflex

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5
Q

Where are proprioreceptors located?

A

Muscles and Joints

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6
Q

What are proprioreceptors?

A

A sensory receptor, found chiefly in muscles, tendons, joints, and the inner ear, that detects the motion or position of the body or a limb by responding to stimuli arising within the organism.

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7
Q

What stimuli receptors can cause a response for ventilation rate?

A

Pain
Touch
Temperature

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8
Q

Where are medullary chemoreceptors located?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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9
Q

These response directly to decreased pH, and indirectly by increased CO2 levels, and will cause what to occur?

A

Medullary Chemoreceptors; Increased Ventilation!

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10
Q

These are peripherally controlled that directly respond to hypoxia and indirectly to decreased pH and increased CO2 to increase ventilation.

A

Carotid and Aortic Body Chemoreceptors

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11
Q

The Aortic Body Chemoreceptors activate the _______ Nerve.

A

Vagus Nerve

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12
Q

The Carotid Body Chemoreceptors activate the _________ Nerve.

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

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13
Q

What is the major response that allows for peripheral control of breathing?

A

Hypoxia (Decrease in PaO2)

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14
Q

What are the minor responses by the chemosensors?

A
  1. Increased PaCO2

2. Decreased pH

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15
Q

After crossing the BBB, CO2 + H2O ______ ___ + ______

A

H2CO3

H+ and HCO3-

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16
Q

Which is the important molecule in respiration that can cross the BBB?

A

CO2

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17
Q

Which important molecules in respiration cannot cross the BBB?

A

Serum H+

HCO3-

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18
Q

When CO2 interacts with water to create H+, what does it do?

A

Activate the H+ sensitive chemo receptors to activate the medullary respiration center to increase pulmonary ventilation to remove CO2 from the body.

19
Q

CSF response to a change in blood pH would be?

A

Slow

20
Q

CSF CO2 and H+ can do the same thing as?

A

CO2 crossing the BBB from the Capillaries

21
Q

H+ donor in aqueous solution

A

Acid

22
Q

OH- (or H+ acceptor) in aqueous solution

A

Base

23
Q

When the concentration of H+ and OH- are equal, the pH would be

A

7.0

24
Q

Normal Plasma pH is roughly

A

7.40

25
Q

Normal intracellular pH around

A

6.8 (but depends on type of cell)

26
Q

Concentration of _____ is tightly regulated

A

H+

27
Q

A solution containing substances which have the ability to minimize changes in pH when an acid or base is added to it.

A

Buffer

28
Q

Henderson Hasselbach Equation

A

[H+] = 24 * ( PCO2/[HCO3-])

EXTRACELLULAR H+ concentration and pH determined from this.

29
Q

Two sources of Acid

A
  1. Respiratory Acid (CO2)

2. Metabolic “fixed” acids from metabolism primarily protein (giving sulfate and phosphate), lactate, ketones, etc.

30
Q

How is acid excreted from the Body?

A
  1. Lungs (CO2)

2. Kidneys (modulate reabsorption of HCO3- and/or excretion of H+ as “fixed acids”

31
Q

The relationship between produced and excreted acid

A

EQUAL!

32
Q

What is the acute response (1st defense) to an acid/base disturbance?

A

Buffering by HCO3-

33
Q

What is the second line of defense in an acid/base disturbance?

A

Respiratory – Adjusts PCO2 by alteration of ventilation. Usually occurs quickly.

34
Q

What is the third line of defense in an acid/base disturbance?

A

Renal – Adjust HCO3- and H+ Excretion. Usually occurs very slowly!

35
Q

In compensation of Resp Alk and Acid, in addition to altering HCO3-,

A

it also has the same effect on excretion of H+

36
Q

When acidifying urine due to Resp Alk, what compounds will be in the urine?

A

NH4+

H2PO4-

37
Q

Compensatory Mechanisms for Acidosis and Alkalosis will try to _________, but it never will do this completely.

A

Bring the pH back to 7.4

38
Q

Arterial blood pH < 7.35

A

Acidemia

39
Q

Arterial blood pH > 7.45

A

Alkalemia

40
Q

An abnormal process or condition which would lower arterial pH if there was no secondary changes in response to the primary cause.

A

Acidosis

41
Q

An abnormal process or condition which would raise arterial pH if there was no secondary changes in response to the primary cause.

A

Alkalosis

42
Q

Disorders in which there is a single primary etiological acid base disorder

A

Simple

43
Q

Disorders in which two or more primary etiological disorders are present simultaneously.

A

Mixed

44
Q

Metabolic Acidosis can be divided into two categories. What are they?

A

Anion Gap

Non-Anion Gap