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Functional Anatomy Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

Bones contain organic components such as __________ and various mineral elements, including of calcium storage in the body

A

collagen, 98%

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2
Q

Minerals in bones includes

A 
Calcium: 37%
Phosphate: 17%
Carbonate: 10%
Sodium: 1%
Potatassuim: 1%
Magnesium: 1%
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3
Q

How much collagen is found in bones

A

33%

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4
Q

Axial skeleton includes

A

skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and rib cage

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5
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

the limbs and their respective girdles

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6
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

transverse cartilage plates located near the end of long bones are responsible for increases in vertical growth during childhood/adolescence

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7
Q

Bones types

A

Long
Short
Irregular
Flat

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8
Q

Synovial joint

A

uses synovial fluid to reduce frictional stresses and allow for considerable movement between the associated articulating bones

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9
Q

Ligament

A

fibrous bands of connective tissue that support internal organs and hold bones together at joints

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10
Q

Tendons

A

fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscles to bones

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11
Q

Muscle Fascia

A

fibrous connective tissue that encapsulates full muscles as well as bundles of fibers; provides the muscle’s shape and regulates tension/transfer of force across joints

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12
Q

Action potential

A

wave-like electrical change in a cell membrane that signals the cascade of events leading to a muscular contraction

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13
Q

Motor unit

A

motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

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14
Q

Synchronized firing

A

employed during high-output demands involving fast-twitch fibers and warranting significant fiber recruitment

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15
Q

Asynchronous firing

A

employed during endurance activities involving slow-twitch fibers which conserve motor unit potential, allowing prolonged work

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16
Q

Agonist

A

muscle that contracts/shortens during a given exercise (e.g., biceps during a curl)

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17
Q

Isotonic

A

tension remains constant while joint angles change; seen during most exercises that include an acceleration and deceleration component

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18
Q

Isometric

A

tension is created but no joint angle changes; common in stabilizers

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19
Q

Sagittal

A

splits the body into left and right halves; includes exercises that require forward-backward movement (e.g., lunge)

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20
Q

Frontal plane

A

splits the body into front and back halves; includes exercises that require side-to-side movement (e.g., lateral raises)

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21
Q

Transverse Plane

A

splits the body into top and bottom halves; includes exercises that require rotation (e.g., oblique twists)

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22
Q

Midline

A

the median plane of the body; anterior axillary line – runs down the forward crease of the armpit; midaxillary line – perpendicular line drawn downward from the apex of the axilla (armpit)

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23
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on, or relating to, the same side of the body;

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24
Q

contralateral

A

on, or relating to, the opposite side of the body

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25
Lordotic
concave (inward) curvature of the spine;
26
kyphotic
convex (outward) spinal curvature
27
Lordosis
exaggerated lordotic (anterior) curvature of the spine
28
Kyphosis
exaggerated kyphotic (posterior) curvature of the spine – can both lead to postural issues and injury
29
List 3 function of the deltoid and one exercise
Horizontally abduct, flex, extend, and rotate humerus Exercise: Side raise
30
List three function of the lattisimus dorsi and one eg exercise
Adduct, medially rotate, and extend humerus Exercise pull up
31
List 3 function of the pectoralis major and one eg exercise
Horizontally adduct, flex, extend, and medially rotate humerus Exercise eg bench press
32
Teres major
Adduct, extend, and medially rotate humerus Exercise eg single arm row
33
List 2 function of the subcapularis
Extend and internally rotate humerus Exercise example : internal band rotation
34
List a function of the Supraspinatus
Abduct humerus Example exercise empty can raise
35
List 3 functions of the trapezius and example exercise
Elevates, depresses, rotates, and fixes scapula; extends cervical spine Example exercise shoulder shrugs
36
List two function of the rhomboid and example exercise
Retracts, rotates, and fixes scapula Example exercise seated row
37
Pectoralis minor
Depress scapula Example exercise chest fly
38
Levator scapulas
Elevates and retracts scapula; laterally flex cervical spine Example exercise high row
39
Bicep brachii
Flexes and supinates forearm; flexes and abducts arm Example exercise biceps curl
40
Tricep brachii
Extends forearm; extends and abducts arm Example exercise triceps push down
41
Brachioradialis
Flexes forearm Example exercise hammer curl
42
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexes and abduct wrist Example exercise wrist curl
43
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexes and adducts wrist Example exercise Wrist curls
44
Extensor carpi radialis
Extends and abducts wrist Example exercise Rev. wrist curl
45
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extends and adducts wrist Example exercise Rev. wrist curls
46
Psoas major
Flexes thigh (hip) Example exercise Knee raise
47
lliacus
Flexes and medially rotates thigh (hip) Example exercise Diagonal knee raise
48
Gluteus maximus
Extends, adducts, and laterally rotates thigh Example exercise Squat
49
Gluteus medius
Abducts and medially rotates thigh Example exercise : Lateral squat
50
Tensor fascia latae
Abducts and medially rotates thigh Example exercise Supine leg abduction
51
Quadratus femoris
Laterally rotates and abducts thigh Exercise: Rotational step-outs
52
Rectus Femoris
Extends leg, flexes thigh (hip) Example exercise : Front squat
53
Vastus Lateralis
Extends leg Exercise example : Lunge
54
Vastus Intermedius
Extends leg Example: Leg press
55
Vastus Medialis
Extends leg Example exercise Leg extension
56
Sartorius
Flexes hip and leg, rotates leg medially and thigh laterally Exercise: Lateral step-ups
57
Biceps Femoris
Extends thigh (hip); flexes and laterally rotates leg Example exercise Romanian deadlift
58
Semitendinosus
Extends thigh (hip); flexes and medially rotates leg Example exercise Supine leg curl
59
Adductor Brevis
Adducts, flexes, and laterally rotates thigh Exercise example Lateral lunge
60
Adductor Longus
Adducts, flexes, and laterally rotates thigh Exercise example Side step-ups
61
Adductor Magnus
Adducts, extends, and laterally rotates thigh Exercise example : Seated adduction
62
Pectineus
Adducts and flexes thigh Exercise example : Cable adduction
63
Gastrocnemius
Plantar flexes foot; flexes leg Example exercise: Standing calf raise
64
Soleus
Plantar flexes foot Example exercise : Seated calf raise
65
Tibialis Anterior
Dorsi flexes and inverts foot Example exercise: Toe raise
66
Peroneus Tertius
Dorsi flexes and everts foot Example exercise: Toe raise
67
Peroneus Brevis
Plantar flexes and everts foot Example exercise: Calf raise
68
Peroneus Longus
Plantar flexes and everts foot Example exercise: Calf raise
69
Functional recruitment for stability and efficient movement occurs through the coordinated actions of three systems including
Passive system – form closure Active system – force closure Control system – neural activation and coordination
70
Form closure:
efficiency of joint structures; primarily consists of bones and connective tissues
71
Force closure:
support of soft tissues which help maintain joint position; primarily consists of muscles and fascia
72
Kinetic chain:
refers to the force across body segments or chain of force transfer involved in properly moving the body
73
Local stabilizer
``` Transverse Abdominis Pelvic Floor Diaphragm Deep Lumbar Multifidus Posterior Fibers of Internal Obliques Vastus Medialis Supraspinatus Soleus ```
74
List 5 global stabilizer
``` Quadratus Lumborum Psoas Major External and Internal Obliques Rectus Abdominis Hip Adductors Trapezius Levator Scapula Serratus Anterior Rhomboids ```
75
List 5 global mobilizers
``` External Oblique Rectus Abdominis Erector Spinae Psoas Major Latissimus Dorsi Gluteus Maximus Hip Adductors Hamstrings Gastrocnemius ```
76
List the six segments of the Kinectic chain
``` Cervical spine Thora lumbar spine Sacroliac joint Hip joint Knee joint Foot and ankle joint ```
77
Posterior oblique sling
Integrates with central stabilizers to form a structural “force transfer bridge” between the lumbar spine and pelvic girdle Includes the latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus, and thoracolumbar fascia
78
Anterior oblique sling
Complementarily opposes the posterior oblique system via the combined function of the obliques, adductors, and abdominal fascia Creates cross-stabilization for the anterior sling and is integral to sagittal plane locomotion
79
Deep longitudinal sling
Includes the erector spinae and thoracolumbar fascia (low back), multifidus, and sacrotuberous ligament connecting with the hamstrings; extends to the lower extremities Connects multiple joint segments for efficient sprinting mechanics due to combined extension of the hip and knee
80
Lateral sling system
Includes the hip abductors, quadratus lumborum, and thigh adductors to provide frontal plane stability and aid in vertical/horizontal bipedal and climbing motions Stabilizes hip loading for actions such as climbing a ladder and stepping up stairs
81
Reciprocal inhibition:
neuromuscular regulation of agonist-antagonist contraction patterns to reduce resistance during opposing joint actions; allows fluid movement and activation patterns
82
Wing scapulae
a lifted and outwardly-rotated scapular position; it appears to protrude posteriorly away from the ribcage - causes shoulder complex dysfunction and potential pain
83
Upper cross syndrome
upper body postural distortion that presents as a forward head, raised, internally-rotated, or rounded/forward shoulders with an exaggerated thoracic curvature; contributes to upper back pain, shoulder dysfunction and training limitations for the upper body
84
Lower cross syndrome
lower body distortion characterized by an undesirable anterior tilt of the pelvis with lordosis due to severe muscular imbalance in the lumbo-pelvic region; contributes to significant core instability, lower body training limitations and lower back pain
85
The plumb line should go through
The earhole Acromioclavicular joint Central vertebral bodies Greater trochanter of the hips Slightly anterior to the midline of the knee Anterior portion of the lateral malleolus through the calcaneocuboid joint
86
Corrective exercise
activities aimed at restoring or enhancing joint function via improvements in the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems
87
Motor rehearsal
repeated exposure to a movement pattern which enhances efficiency over time due to increased neuromuscular proficiency
88
Closed kinetic chain exercise
force is applied to a distally-fixed position, forcing the body to stabilize segments across the kinetic chain – the body moves around the object Examples: military press, pull-ups, push-ups, deadlift, squat, lunge
89
Functional training should emphasize client-appropriate ___________ exercises, but ____________ exercises still have a part to play in comprehensive development - particularly when muscle isolation is desired
closed kinetic chain,
90
Open kinetic chain exercise
force is applied to a moveable object around a distally-fixed position, reducing stability requirements but allowing for more isolated loading – the object moves around the body Examples: lat pull-down, bench press, leg press, leg curl, seated bicep curls
91
Closed circuit exercise:
both working limbs are connected to the same load which minimizes the stability demands while increasing the potential for loading (two arms or two legs) Examples: barbell bench press, barbell bent-over row, leg press
92
Open circuit exercise
each limb must manage a separate load on its own which increases localized stability demands while increasing the potential for range of motion Examples: dumbbell chest press, dumbbell overhead press, dumbbell lunges
93
Primary needs are range of motion and stability = ____________ ,____________
closed-chain, open-circuit exercises
94
Primary need is strength = _____________ , ____________
closed-chain, closed-circuit exercises
95
Primary need is hypertrophy = ______________
open chain w/ both open- and closed-circuit exercises
96
Bioenergetic
describes the various processes of energy/macronutrient use within the body and the function of energy systems for fuel provision during exercise

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