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Pt Training > Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Bones contain organic components such as __________ and various mineral elements, including of calcium storage in the body

A

collagen, 98%

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2
Q

Minerals in bones includes

A 
Calcium: 37%
Phosphate: 17%
Carbonate: 10%
Sodium: 1%
Potatassuim: 1%
Magnesium: 1%
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3
Q

How much collagen is found in bones

A

33%

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4
Q

Axial skeleton includes

A

skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and rib cage

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5
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

the limbs and their respective girdles

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6
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

transverse cartilage plates located near the end of long bones are responsible for increases in vertical growth during childhood/adolescence

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7
Q

Bones types

A

Long
Short
Irregular
Flat

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8
Q

Synovial joint

A

uses synovial fluid to reduce frictional stresses and allow for considerable movement between the associated articulating bones

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9
Q

Ligament

A

fibrous bands of connective tissue that support internal organs and hold bones together at joints

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10
Q

Tendons

A

fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscles to bones

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11
Q

Muscle Fascia

A

fibrous connective tissue that encapsulates full muscles as well as bundles of fibers; provides the muscle’s shape and regulates tension/transfer of force across joints

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12
Q

Action potential

A

wave-like electrical change in a cell membrane that signals the cascade of events leading to a muscular contraction

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13
Q

Motor unit

A

motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

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14
Q

Synchronized firing

A

employed during high-output demands involving fast-twitch fibers and warranting significant fiber recruitment

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15
Q

Asynchronous firing

A

employed during endurance activities involving slow-twitch fibers which conserve motor unit potential, allowing prolonged work

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16
Q

Agonist

A

muscle that contracts/shortens during a given exercise (e.g., biceps during a curl)

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17
Q

Isotonic

A

tension remains constant while joint angles change; seen during most exercises that include an acceleration and deceleration component

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18
Q

Isometric

A

tension is created but no joint angle changes; common in stabilizers

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19
Q

Sagittal

A

splits the body into left and right halves; includes exercises that require forward-backward movement (e.g., lunge)

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20
Q

Frontal plane

A

splits the body into front and back halves; includes exercises that require side-to-side movement (e.g., lateral raises)

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21
Q

Transverse Plane

A

splits the body into top and bottom halves; includes exercises that require rotation (e.g., oblique twists)

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22
Q

Midline

A

the median plane of the body; anterior axillary line – runs down the forward crease of the armpit; midaxillary line – perpendicular line drawn downward from the apex of the axilla (armpit)

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23
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on, or relating to, the same side of the body;

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24
Q

contralateral

A

on, or relating to, the opposite side of the body

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25
Q

Lordotic

A

concave (inward) curvature of the spine;

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26
Q

kyphotic

A

convex (outward) spinal curvature

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27
Q

Lordosis

A

exaggerated lordotic (anterior) curvature of the spine

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28
Q

Kyphosis

A

exaggerated kyphotic (posterior) curvature of the spine – can both lead to postural issues and injury

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29
Q

List 3 function of the deltoid and one exercise

A

Horizontally abduct, flex, extend, and rotate humerus

Exercise: Side raise

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30
Q

List three function of the lattisimus dorsi and one eg exercise

A

Adduct, medially rotate, and extend humerus

Exercise pull up

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31
Q

List 3 function of the pectoralis major and one eg exercise

A

Horizontally adduct, flex, extend, and medially rotate humerus

Exercise eg bench press

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32
Q

Teres major

A

Adduct, extend, and medially rotate humerus

Exercise eg single arm row

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33
Q

List 2 function of the subcapularis

A

Extend and internally rotate humerus

Exercise example : internal band rotation

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34
Q

List a function of the Supraspinatus

A

Abduct humerus

Example exercise empty can raise

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35
Q

List 3 functions of the trapezius and example exercise

A

Elevates, depresses, rotates, and fixes scapula; extends cervical spine

Example exercise shoulder shrugs

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36
Q

List two function of the rhomboid and example exercise

A

Retracts, rotates, and fixes scapula

Example exercise seated row

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37
Q

Pectoralis minor

A

Depress scapula

Example exercise chest fly

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38
Q

Levator scapulas

A

Elevates and retracts scapula; laterally flex cervical spine

Example exercise high row

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39
Q

Bicep brachii

A

Flexes and supinates forearm; flexes and abducts arm

Example exercise biceps curl

40
Q

Tricep brachii

A

Extends forearm; extends and abducts arm

Example exercise triceps push down

41
Q

Brachioradialis

A

Flexes forearm

Example exercise hammer curl

42
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A

Flexes and abduct wrist

Example exercise wrist curl

43
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

A

Flexes and adducts wrist

Example exercise Wrist curls

44
Q

Extensor carpi radialis

A

Extends and abducts wrist

Example exercise Rev. wrist curl

45
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris

A

Extends and adducts wrist

Example exercise Rev. wrist curls

46
Q

Psoas major

A

Flexes thigh (hip)

Example exercise Knee raise

47
Q

lliacus

A

Flexes and medially rotates thigh (hip)

Example exercise Diagonal knee raise

48
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

Extends, adducts, and laterally rotates thigh

Example exercise Squat

49
Q

Gluteus medius

A

Abducts and medially rotates thigh

Example exercise : Lateral squat

50
Q

Tensor fascia latae

A

Abducts and medially rotates thigh

Example exercise Supine leg abduction

51
Q

Quadratus femoris

A

Laterally rotates and abducts thigh

Exercise: Rotational step-outs

52
Q

Rectus Femoris

A

Extends leg, flexes thigh (hip)

Example exercise : Front squat

53
Q

Vastus Lateralis

A

Extends leg

Exercise example : Lunge

54
Q

Vastus Intermedius

A

Extends leg

Example: Leg press

55
Q

Vastus Medialis

A

Extends leg

Example exercise Leg extension

56
Q

Sartorius

A

Flexes hip and leg, rotates leg medially and thigh laterally

Exercise: Lateral step-ups

57
Q

Biceps Femoris

A

Extends thigh (hip); flexes and laterally rotates leg

Example exercise Romanian deadlift

58
Q

Semitendinosus

A

Extends thigh (hip); flexes and medially rotates leg

Example exercise Supine leg curl

59
Q

Adductor Brevis

A

Adducts, flexes, and laterally rotates thigh

Exercise example Lateral lunge

60
Q

Adductor Longus

A

Adducts, flexes, and laterally rotates thigh

Exercise example Side step-ups

61
Q

Adductor Magnus

A

Adducts, extends, and laterally rotates thigh

Exercise example : Seated adduction

62
Q

Pectineus

A

Adducts and flexes thigh

Exercise example : Cable adduction

63
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Plantar flexes foot; flexes leg

Example exercise: Standing calf raise

64
Q

Soleus

A

Plantar flexes foot

Example exercise : Seated calf raise

65
Q

Tibialis Anterior

A

Dorsi flexes and inverts foot

Example exercise: Toe raise

66
Q

Peroneus Tertius

A

Dorsi flexes and everts foot

Example exercise: Toe raise

67
Q

Peroneus Brevis

A

Plantar flexes and everts foot

Example exercise: Calf raise

68
Q

Peroneus Longus

A

Plantar flexes and everts foot

Example exercise: Calf raise

69
Q

Functional recruitment for stability and efficient movement occurs through the coordinated actions of three systems including

A

Passive system – form closure
Active system – force closure
Control system – neural activation and coordination

70
Q

Form closure:

A

efficiency of joint structures; primarily consists of bones and connective tissues

71
Q

Force closure:

A

support of soft tissues which help maintain joint position; primarily consists of muscles and fascia

72
Q

Kinetic chain:

A

refers to the force across body segments or chain of force transfer involved in properly moving the body

73
Q

Local stabilizer

A 
Transverse Abdominis 
Pelvic Floor 
Diaphragm
Deep Lumbar 
Multifidus
Posterior Fibers of Internal Obliques 
Vastus Medialis
Supraspinatus
Soleus
74
Q

List 5 global stabilizer

A 
Quadratus Lumborum
Psoas Major
External and Internal Obliques Rectus Abdominis
Hip Adductors 
Trapezius 
Levator Scapula 
Serratus Anterior 
Rhomboids
75
Q

List 5 global mobilizers

A 
External Oblique
Rectus Abdominis 
Erector Spinae Psoas Major 
Latissimus Dorsi 
Gluteus Maximus
Hip Adductors 
Hamstrings 
Gastrocnemius
76
Q

List the six segments of the Kinectic chain

A 
Cervical spine
Thora lumbar spine 
Sacroliac joint
Hip joint
Knee joint
Foot and ankle joint
77
Q

Posterior oblique sling

A

Integrates with central stabilizers to form a structural “force transfer bridge” between the lumbar spine and pelvic girdle

Includes the latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus, and thoracolumbar fascia

78
Q

Anterior oblique sling

A

Complementarily opposes the posterior oblique system via the combined function of the obliques, adductors, and abdominal fascia

Creates cross-stabilization for the anterior sling and is integral to sagittal plane locomotion

79
Q

Deep longitudinal sling

A

Includes the erector spinae and thoracolumbar fascia (low back), multifidus, and sacrotuberous ligament connecting with the hamstrings; extends to the lower extremities

Connects multiple joint segments for efficient sprinting mechanics due to combined extension of the hip and knee

80
Q

Lateral sling system

A

Includes the hip abductors, quadratus lumborum, and thigh adductors to provide frontal plane stability and aid in vertical/horizontal bipedal and climbing motions

Stabilizes hip loading for actions such as climbing a ladder and stepping up stairs

81
Q

Reciprocal inhibition:

A

neuromuscular regulation of agonist-antagonist contraction patterns to reduce resistance during opposing joint actions; allows fluid movement and activation patterns

82
Q

Wing scapulae

A

a lifted and outwardly-rotated scapular position; it appears to protrude posteriorly away from the ribcage - causes shoulder complex dysfunction and potential pain

83
Q

Upper cross syndrome

A

upper body postural distortion that presents as a forward head, raised, internally-rotated, or rounded/forward shoulders with an exaggerated thoracic curvature; contributes to upper back pain, shoulder dysfunction and training limitations for the upper body

84
Q

Lower cross syndrome

A

lower body distortion characterized by an undesirable anterior tilt of the pelvis with lordosis due to severe muscular imbalance in the lumbo-pelvic region; contributes to significant core instability, lower body training limitations and lower back pain

85
Q

The plumb line should go through

A

The earhole

Acromioclavicular joint

Central vertebral bodies

Greater trochanter of the hips

Slightly anterior to the midline of the knee

Anterior portion of the lateral malleolus
through the calcaneocuboid joint

86
Q

Corrective exercise

A

activities aimed at restoring or enhancing joint function via improvements in the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems

87
Q

Motor rehearsal

A

repeated exposure to a movement pattern which enhances efficiency over time due to increased neuromuscular proficiency

88
Q

Closed kinetic chain exercise

A

force is applied to a distally-fixed position, forcing the body to stabilize segments across the kinetic chain – the body moves around the object

Examples: military press, pull-ups, push-ups, deadlift, squat, lunge

89
Q

Functional training should emphasize client-appropriate ___________ exercises, but ____________ exercises still have a part to play in comprehensive development - particularly when muscle isolation is desired

A

closed kinetic chain,

90
Q

Open kinetic chain exercise

A

force is applied to a moveable object around a distally-fixed position, reducing stability requirements but allowing for more isolated loading – the object moves around the body
Examples: lat pull-down, bench press, leg press, leg curl, seated bicep curls

91
Q

Closed circuit exercise:

A

both working limbs are connected to the same load which minimizes the stability demands while increasing the potential for loading (two arms or two legs)
Examples: barbell bench press, barbell bent-over row, leg press

92
Q

Open circuit exercise

A

each limb must manage a separate load on its own which increases localized stability demands while increasing the potential for range of motion
Examples: dumbbell chest press, dumbbell overhead press, dumbbell lunges

93
Q

Primary needs are range of motion and stability = ____________ ,____________

A

closed-chain, open-circuit exercises

94
Q

Primary need is strength = _____________ , ____________

A

closed-chain, closed-circuit exercises

95
Q

Primary need is hypertrophy = ______________

A

open chain w/ both open- and closed-circuit exercises

96
Q

Bioenergetic

A

describes the various processes of energy/macronutrient use within the body and the function of energy systems for fuel provision during exercise

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