Exercise Physiology

Question 1

What is ATP

Answer 1

Only energy source to fuel the “power stroke” that drives muscle contractions (sliding filament theory)

Its location inside muscle cells makes it readily-usable for immediate needs during maximal-effort and powerful work

Fuels maximal muscular work lasting 1-3 sec (e.g., vertical jump, 1RM)

Question 2

How much time is needed for ATP maximum restoration

Answer 2

90 seconds

Question 3

What enzyme breaks down ATP

Answer 3

Atpase

Question 4

Creatine phosphate recovery ranges from _______________ minutes depending on the activity performed and volume of exercise

Answer 4

2-5 minutes

Question 5

Glycolysis

Answer 5

metabolic process involving the breakdown of glucose through a series of reactions to provide energy (ATP) during anaerobic work

Question 6

Glucose

Answer 6

simple sugar molecule that is the primary source of metabolized fuel for the glycolytic energy system

Question 7

Ischemia

Answer 7

low oxygen state caused by tissue acidity (via H+ or otherwise), the obstruction of arterial blood supply, or inadequate blood flow to a region

Question 8

Pyruvate

Answer 8

end-product of sugar metabolism during glycolysis in the presence of oxygen; is broken down further to provide ongoing aerobic energy through the Krebs cycle

Question 9

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

Answer 9

muscle soreness expedited by an inflammatory response to cellular damage, ischemia, and tonic spasms which presents 24-72 hours following an intense bout of exercise; new exercises, heavy eccentrics, and high work volume increase the response

Question 10

How long does Delayed Muscle Onset Soreness kicks in

Answer 10

24-72 hrs (1- 3 days)

Question 11

Oxygen deficit

Answer 11

anaerobic demands must be “paid back” after work is discontinued to bring the body back to resting homeostasis, resulting in an elevation in oxygen consumption after exercise discontinues (e.g., being out of breath after a sprint)

Question 12

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Answer 12

increase in the rate of oxygen consumption following strenuous activity due to a deficit created by the work; increases metabolism for hours after the bout as dictated by the duration, type, and intensity of the exercise

Question 13

Metabolic equivalent (MET)

Answer 13

expressed as multiples of the resting metabolic rate; one MET equals an oxygen uptake rate of 3.5 ml of O2 per kg of body weight per min (3.5 ml/kg/min)

Question 14

Kreb cycle

Answer 14

series of enzymatic reactions involving aerobic metabolism of compounds which produce significant ATP

Question 15

Acute peripheral fatigue

Answer 15

cells experience dysfunction due to acidity which limits enzyme activity, requiring buffering compounds and a rest period before work can be re-initiated

Question 16

Peripheral acute fatigue

Answer 16

occurs with a lack of energy in working tissues due to low pre-exercise stores or localized depletion of anaerobic stores from activity; acute rest intervals will not help, a recovery period is needed

Question 17

Central fatigue

Answer 17

occurs with systemic depletion of CHOs, resulting in reduced motor unit recruitment and firing rate; reflects a conscious and subconscious decision to reduce the intensity of exercise until energy replenishment and/or recovery have provided fuel for the re-initiation of work (hitting the wall – additional exercise is futile)

Question 18

Stroke volume

Answer 18

volume of blood expelled per contraction from the left ventricle during each heartbeat

Question 19

(a-v) O2 difference

Answer 19

difference in oxygen saturation when comparing the arteries and veins (blood leaving and returning to the heart); it indicates the level of oxygen uptake efficiency of working muscles and other tissues

Question 20

Systole

Answer 20

the contraction state of the heart during heart beats when the ventricles pump blood out to the body

Question 21

Hemoglobins

Answer 21

Protein found in the blood that aids in the transportation of oxygen

Question 22

Arteries

Answer 22

large, muscular-walled vessels suited for transporting oxygenated blood away from the heart to bodily tissues

Question 23

Capillaries

Answer 23

smallest vessels with the thinnest walls which allow for oxygen and nutrient exchange as well as waste product removal from muscles, organs, and other tissues

Question 24

Veins

Answer 24

serve to pump deoxygenated blood back to the heart and lungs via special valves

Question 25

Arterioles

Answer 25

smaller, thinner-walled arteries that serve as the connecting units to capillaries

Question 26

Blood pressure

Answer 26

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

Question 27

Baroreceptors

Answer 27

specialized receptors in the large arteries that detect changes in pressure and inform the central nervous system to decrease/increase blood pressure or heart rate

Question 28

Rate pressure product

Answer 28

estimate of myocardial oxygen demand and efficiency as well as cardiovascular disease risk; low fitness or cardiovascular compromise increase the va

Question 29

Hypothalamus

Answer 29

region of the forebrain that coordinates the autonomic nervous system and governs the endocrine system via the pituitary gland; it directs maintenance activities for homeostasis including hunger, thirst, body temperature regulation, sleep and emotional responses

Question 30

Pancreas

Answer 30

gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestines for macronutrient breakdown; also produces the hormones insulin and glucagon for blood glucose regulation

Question 31

Steroid harmones

Answer 31

cholesterol-based compounds that serve various functions related, but not limited to: sexual development, reproduction, tissue synthesis, inflammation regulation and metabolism (e.g., cortisol, estrogen, testosterone)

Question 32

Polypeptide harmones

Answer 32

chains of amino acids synthesized within endocrine cells that attach to membrane receptors on cells to activate secondary messenger systems (e.g., insulin and glucagon)

Question 33

Hyperglycemia

Answer 33

abnormally high blood glucose level which can potentially damage bodily tissues, including vascular structures (diabetes)

Question 34

Hypothyroidism

Answer 34

abnormally low activity of the thyroid which usually results in weight gain and can retard growth as well as mental d

Question 35

Thyroid

Answer 35

gland which serves as the primary regulator for growth and the rate of metabolism within the body; function is important for normal child development and lean mass maintenance

Question 36

Anabolic hormones:

Answer 36

compounds involved in stimulating protein synthesis and tissue growth (e.g., muscle, organs, connective tissue)