Exercise Physiology Flashcards
What is ATP
Only energy source to fuel the “power stroke” that drives muscle contractions (sliding filament theory)
Its location inside muscle cells makes it readily-usable for immediate needs during maximal-effort and powerful work
Fuels maximal muscular work lasting 1-3 sec (e.g., vertical jump, 1RM)
How much time is needed for ATP maximum restoration
90 seconds
What enzyme breaks down ATP
Atpase
Creatine phosphate recovery ranges from _______________ minutes depending on the activity performed and volume of exercise
2-5 minutes
Glycolysis
metabolic process involving the breakdown of glucose through a series of reactions to provide energy (ATP) during anaerobic work
Glucose
simple sugar molecule that is the primary source of metabolized fuel for the glycolytic energy system
Ischemia
low oxygen state caused by tissue acidity (via H+ or otherwise), the obstruction of arterial blood supply, or inadequate blood flow to a region
Pyruvate
end-product of sugar metabolism during glycolysis in the presence of oxygen; is broken down further to provide ongoing aerobic energy through the Krebs cycle
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
muscle soreness expedited by an inflammatory response to cellular damage, ischemia, and tonic spasms which presents 24-72 hours following an intense bout of exercise; new exercises, heavy eccentrics, and high work volume increase the response
How long does Delayed Muscle Onset Soreness kicks in
24-72 hrs (1- 3 days)
Oxygen deficit
anaerobic demands must be “paid back” after work is discontinued to bring the body back to resting homeostasis, resulting in an elevation in oxygen consumption after exercise discontinues (e.g., being out of breath after a sprint)
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
increase in the rate of oxygen consumption following strenuous activity due to a deficit created by the work; increases metabolism for hours after the bout as dictated by the duration, type, and intensity of the exercise
Metabolic equivalent (MET)
expressed as multiples of the resting metabolic rate; one MET equals an oxygen uptake rate of 3.5 ml of O2 per kg of body weight per min (3.5 ml/kg/min)
Kreb cycle
series of enzymatic reactions involving aerobic metabolism of compounds which produce significant ATP
Acute peripheral fatigue
cells experience dysfunction due to acidity which limits enzyme activity, requiring buffering compounds and a rest period before work can be re-initiated
Peripheral acute fatigue
occurs with a lack of energy in working tissues due to low pre-exercise stores or localized depletion of anaerobic stores from activity; acute rest intervals will not help, a recovery period is needed
Central fatigue
occurs with systemic depletion of CHOs, resulting in reduced motor unit recruitment and firing rate; reflects a conscious and subconscious decision to reduce the intensity of exercise until energy replenishment and/or recovery have provided fuel for the re-initiation of work (hitting the wall – additional exercise is futile)
Stroke volume
volume of blood expelled per contraction from the left ventricle during each heartbeat
(a-v) O2 difference
difference in oxygen saturation when comparing the arteries and veins (blood leaving and returning to the heart); it indicates the level of oxygen uptake efficiency of working muscles and other tissues
Systole
the contraction state of the heart during heart beats when the ventricles pump blood out to the body
Hemoglobins
Protein found in the blood that aids in the transportation of oxygen
Arteries
large, muscular-walled vessels suited for transporting oxygenated blood away from the heart to bodily tissues
Capillaries
smallest vessels with the thinnest walls which allow for oxygen and nutrient exchange as well as waste product removal from muscles, organs, and other tissues
Veins
serve to pump deoxygenated blood back to the heart and lungs via special valves
Arterioles
smaller, thinner-walled arteries that serve as the connecting units to capillaries
Blood pressure
cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
Baroreceptors
specialized receptors in the large arteries that detect changes in pressure and inform the central nervous system to decrease/increase blood pressure or heart rate
Rate pressure product
estimate of myocardial oxygen demand and efficiency as well as cardiovascular disease risk; low fitness or cardiovascular compromise increase the va
Hypothalamus
region of the forebrain that coordinates the autonomic nervous system and governs the endocrine system via the pituitary gland; it directs maintenance activities for homeostasis including hunger, thirst, body temperature regulation, sleep and emotional responses
Pancreas
gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestines for macronutrient breakdown; also produces the hormones insulin and glucagon for blood glucose regulation
Steroid harmones
cholesterol-based compounds that serve various functions related, but not limited to: sexual development, reproduction, tissue synthesis, inflammation regulation and metabolism (e.g., cortisol, estrogen, testosterone)
Polypeptide harmones
chains of amino acids synthesized within endocrine cells that attach to membrane receptors on cells to activate secondary messenger systems (e.g., insulin and glucagon)
Hyperglycemia
abnormally high blood glucose level which can potentially damage bodily tissues, including vascular structures (diabetes)
Hypothyroidism
abnormally low activity of the thyroid which usually results in weight gain and can retard growth as well as mental d
Thyroid
gland which serves as the primary regulator for growth and the rate of metabolism within the body; function is important for normal child development and lean mass maintenance
Anabolic hormones:
compounds involved in stimulating protein synthesis and tissue growth (e.g., muscle, organs, connective tissue)
