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Sport > Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Name and explain the three types of muscles.

A
  1. Skeletal- muscles we control (voluntary) eg. Bicep, tricep
  2. Smooth- control automatic movements (involuntary) eg. Digestive system
  3. Cardiac- muscles we can not control (involuntary) eg. Heart
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2
Q

Provide 3 characteristics of fast twitch muscle fiver types.

A
  • white
  • anaerobic
  • explosive

Eg. 100m sprint

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3
Q

Provide 3 characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibres.

A
  • red
  • aerobic
  • endurance

Eg. Marathon

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4
Q

What is excitability?

A

The ability of a muscle fibre to respond rapidly to a stimulating agent

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5
Q

What is contractibility?

A

Muscle cells can react to a stimulus by shortening or decreasing their overall length.

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6
Q

What is elasticity?

A

The ability of cells, surfaces and objects to ‘give’ and then return to their original state or shape

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7
Q

What is the antagonistic pairs?

A

Two muscles that work together to create a movement.

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8
Q

What is agonist?

A

It is the prime mover, the one that instigates the move. Eg. Bicep in a bicep curl.

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9
Q

What is the antagonist?

A

The muscle that relaxes to allow the prime mover to work. Eg. The tricep in the the bicep curl.

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10
Q

What is muscle fatigue?

A

When a muscle contracts it produces waste products which make the muscle more irritable; continued contraction causes the muscle to cramp and refuse to move.

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11
Q

What is the origin?

A

The point at which the muscle attaches to the relatively fixed bone of its joint.

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12
Q

What is insertion?

A

It is the end of the muscle attached to the freely moving bone.

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13
Q

Explain the synovial joint.

A

It is the freely moveable joint.

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14
Q

Explain a hinge joint.

A

It has only one axis and allows only flexion and extension. Eg. Knee, elbow.

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15
Q

Name the four different types of bones. Provide 2 examples of each (if needed).

A
  1. Long bones- femur, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius, humerus
  2. Short bones- carpels, tarsals
  3. Flat bones- pelvis, sternum, scapula, frontal bone
  4. Irregular bones- vertebrae column
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16
Q

Explain a pivot joint.

A

Only one axis and allows rotation. Eg. Neck

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17
Q

Explain a gliding joint.

A

Sideways, backwards and forwards movement. Eg. Wrist, ankle

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18
Q

Explain the ball and socket joint.

A

Move in all directions. Eg. Shoulder, hip

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19
Q

Explain a saddle joint.

A

Is bi axial and allows sideways, backwards and forwards movements. Eg. Thumb

20
Q

Name the types of joint movements.

A
  • flextion (bending)
  • extension (straightening)
  • Dorsi flexion (toes towards tibia, flexing)
  • planter flexion (pointing toes)
  • pronation (palms down)
  • supination (palms up)
  • adduction (towards midline of the body)
  • abduction (away from midline of the body)
  • rotation (neck)
  • circumduction (shoulder joint)
  • inversion (inwards at the ankle)
  • eversion (outwards at ankle)
21
Q

What do muscles do?

A
  • produce movements
  • produce body heat
  • provide structural stability
22
Q

What is Heart rate?

A

The contraction of the heart walls per minute.

23
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A
  • deliver nutrients and remove waste product from cells

- helps maintain core body temperature (homeostasis)

24
Q

What are the two chambers? Provide an explanation of each.

A
  • two atrium (right and left atrium); the two upper chambers of the heart.
  • two ventricles (right and left ventricle); the two lower chambers of the heart.
25
Q

What is a pulse?

A

When the ventricles of the heart contract, the resulting thrust causes a pressure wave.

26
Q

What is systole?

A

The contraction of the atria and ventricles.

27
Q

What is diastole?

A

The relaxation of the atria and ventricles.

28
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The pressure within arteries that is caused by the pumping action of the heart.

Blood pressure measures the pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood around the body.

29
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A
  • the pressure measured when the heart ventricles contract.

- top number in a blood pressure measurement.

30
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A
  • the pressure measured as the heart ventricles relax

- the bottom number in the blood pressure measurement

31
Q

What is the average blood pressure?

A

120/80

32
Q

List some factors that affect blood pressure.

A
  • gender
  • time of day
  • stress levels
33
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

They carry blood away from the heart. Carries oxygenated blood

34
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

They carry blood to the heart. Carries deoxygenated blood.

35
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

This is where the gaseous exchange takes place, carbon dioxide and other excretory products are exchanged for oxygen.

36
Q

What is blood made up of?

A
  • 45% blood cells

- 5% blood plasma

37
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A
  • They are iron rich cells that carry oxygen around the body.
  • give blood it’s red colour
  • produced in bone marrow
  • contain protein haemoglobin (carries oxygen to body tissue)
38
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A
  • the body’s defence system, fighting infection and building up the body’s immunity
  • produced in bone marrow, lymph tissue and the spleen
39
Q

What is the function of blood?

A
  • provides and controls the internal fluid surrounding the cells and through circulation distributions food, oxygen and other vital substances to the cells themselves
  • distributes hormones and hear and controls the temp of body
  • forms clots to prevent excess blood loss.
40
Q

What does the blood transport?

A
  • oxygen from lungs to tissues
  • carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
  • waste materials from tissues to the lungs
  • digested food from the ileum(final section of the small intestine) to tissues
41
Q

What are platelets?

A

Cells that help form blood clots to stop bleeding; produced in bone marrow

42
Q

What is the function of alveoli?

A

The body has more then 600 million air sacs. They have very thin walls to allow for the diffusion of gases. The surface of each alveoli is very vascular to help with gaseous exchange.

43
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A

Take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide as we breathe.

44
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm?

A

A dome shaped sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen. The most important muscle used for breathing.

45
Q

Explain inspiration in the diaphragm.

A

Breathing in. The diaphragm descends and the ribs rise causing the chest cavity size to increase, which causes air to rush into the lungs.

46
Q

Explain expiration in the diaphragm.

A

Breathing out. A decrease in the chest cavity size makes the diaphragm rise and the ribs lower, causing air to rush out of the lungs.

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