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Physiology 210A > Function of the CNS > Flashcards

Function of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

one of the first to document brain dissections

A

Leonardo da Vinci

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2
Q

da Vinci’s theory on brain activity

A

it occurs in ventricles

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3
Q

phrenology

A

belief that bumps in the skull correspond to particular brain functions

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4
Q

how thick is the cerebral cortex

A

a few millimeters

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5
Q

3 broad functions of the cerebral cortex

A
  1. sensory perception
  2. motor control
  3. cognitive functions
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6
Q

2 functions of basal ganglia

A
  1. movement initiation

2. inhibition of antagonist muscles

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7
Q

thalamus function

A

sensory switchboard which relays specific sensory signals to the cortex

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8
Q

what is another name for the hypothalamus

A

head ganglion of the ANS

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9
Q

2 functions of hypothalamus

A
  1. homeostasis

2. fight or flight response

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10
Q

3 cerebellum functions

A
  1. motor timing, scaling, coordination, learning
  2. balance and gait
  3. eye movements
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11
Q

4 brainstem functions

A
  1. cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive control
  2. sleep/wake cycle and arousal
  3. balance and posture
  4. locomotor initiating center
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12
Q

spinal cord function

A

locomotor pattern generator

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13
Q

meninges

A

3 membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

3 meninges

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid
  3. pia mater
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15
Q

dura mater

A

tough outer layer

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16
Q

arachnoid

A

spidery intermediary mesh

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17
Q

pia mater

A

delicate inner layer

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18
Q

meningitis

A

infection of the meninges

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19
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid produced

A

inner walls of brain ventricles

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20
Q

how is cerebrospinal fluid absorbed

A

reabsorbed into venous blood

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21
Q

what happens if cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption is blocked

A 
causes hydrocephalus (water on the brain)
- swollen head
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22
Q

how is hydrocephalus treated

A

surgically with drainage tubes

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23
Q

2 functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A
  1. bath and support neural tissue

2. maintain electrolyte balance around neurons

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24
Q

glia

A

supportive cells in CNS

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25
Q

ratio of glia cells to neurons

A

~ 1:1

26
Q

4 types of glia cells

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. ependymal cells
  4. microglia
27
Q

astrocytes functions (5)

A
  1. physically support neurons
  2. form blood-brain barrier
  3. repair by forming scar tissue
  4. turnover (recycle) neurotransmitters
  5. maintain electrolyte balance
28
Q

what happens when astrocytes repair neuron

A

they form scar tissue which prevents regeneration

29
Q

how is astrocyte scar tissue dealt with

A

broken down by enzymes

30
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheaths that electrically insulate axons

31
Q

function of ependymal cells

A

produce cerebrospinal fluid

32
Q

function of microglia cells

A

scavengers that ingest bacteria and debris

33
Q

2 types of brain tumors

A
  1. gliomas

2. meningiomas

34
Q

gliomas

A

tumor of glia cells

35
Q

meningiomas

A

tumor of meninges

36
Q

do neuronal tumors exist?

A

no, because neurons can’t divide

37
Q

how do capillaries in the CNS compare to the rest of the body

A

they are less porous

38
Q

3 functions of blood-brain barrier

A
  1. protects neurons from chemical fluctuations and harmful agents
  2. provides oxygen and glucose
  3. selectively transport needed molecules to the brain
39
Q

does the brain have glucose stores

A

no

40
Q

problems with blood-brain barrier

A

presents a problem for drug delivery like dopamine in Parkinson’s patients

41
Q

sensory afferent axons

A

convey sensory inputs to the CNS

42
Q

motor efferent axons

A

convey motor commands from the CNS

43
Q

which 2 types of signals does the spinal cord convey

A
  1. sensory receptors to the brain

2. brain to effectors

44
Q

neuronal circuitry

A

generates reflexes and simple rhythmical movements

45
Q

how many spinal nerves?

A

31

46
Q

breakdown of the spinal nerves

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
47
Q

dermatome

A

specific area of skin innervated by a spinal nerve

48
Q

myotome

A

specific set of muscles innervated by a spinal nerve

49
Q

shingles

A

bands of sores and intense pain due to a spinal cord virus

50
Q

how are shingles related to dermatomes

A

dermatomes are used to identify which part of the spinal cord is infected

51
Q

what happens when the spinal cord is damaged at a given level

A

sensation and motor control below that level are fucked up

52
Q

what comprises central grey matter in spinal cord tracts

A

motoneurons, interneurons, dendrites, and axons

53
Q

what is white matter composed of

A

bundles of axons (tracts)

54
Q

function of white matter

A

convey sensory signals going to and from the brain

55
Q

where do sensory afferents enter the spinal cord

A

through dorsal roots

56
Q

what happens after sensory afferents enter the spinal cord

A

they bifurcate into ascending and descending columns

57
Q

bifurcate

A

split

58
Q

what do descending branches do

A

travel caudally 2-3 spinal segments

59
Q

what occurs in the first 2-3 spinal segments

A

every millimeter, axons send branches into grey matter of the spinal cord

60
Q

where are motoneurons located

A

the ventral horn

Physiology 210A (6 decks)

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