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Physiology 210A > ANS and Neural Control of Breathing > Flashcards

ANS and Neural Control of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

2 components of peripheral nervous system

A
  1. afferent

2. efferenet

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2
Q

3 components of afferent PNS

A
  1. somatic sensory
  2. visceral sensory
  3. special sensory
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3
Q

2 components of efferent PNS

A
  1. somatic motor

2. autonomic motor

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4
Q

3 components of autonomic motor

A
  1. sympathetic
  2. parasympathetic
  3. enteric
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5
Q

what does ANS stand for

A

autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

what does the ANS innervate

A

organs/tissues other than skeletal muscle

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7
Q

examples of what the ANS innervates

A

smooth muscle, glands, heart, bladder, reproductive organs

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8
Q

primary function of ANS

A

maintaining homeostasis

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9
Q

enteric nervous system

A

controls the gut

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10
Q

CNS components of ANS (2)

A

hypothalamus and specific regions of the medulla

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11
Q

what is still functioning when a person is in a vegatative state

A

the brain stem

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12
Q

common features between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A
  1. dual innervation

2. 2 synapses between CNS and effector

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13
Q

dual innervation

A

innervated tissues receive inputs from both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

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14
Q

how many synapses are in between CNS and effector in the somatic system

A

1

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15
Q

pathway from CNS to effector with sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

A

preganglionic fiber, ganglion, postganglionic fiber

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16
Q

4 differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic anatomy

A
  1. pre- and postganglionic neurons
  2. transmitters
  3. postsynaptic receptors
  4. origin from CNS
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17
Q

difference in pre and postganglionic neurons

A

sympathetic preganglionic axons are short, postganglionic are long
- parasympathetic is opposite

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18
Q

difference in transmitters

A

sympathetic = acetylcholine from preganglionic, norepinephrine from postganglionic

parasympathetic = ACh from both

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19
Q

parasympathetic vs sympathetic postsynaptic receptors

A

both divisions can excite or inhibit the effector

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20
Q

difference in CNS origin

A

parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in brainstem and sacral spinal cord
- sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies are in thoracic and lumbar spinal cords

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21
Q

why is target activation generalized with the sympathetic system

A

preganglionic axons synapse at ganglions at multiple levels of the spinal cord
- also because adrenal gland releases epinephrine

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22
Q

why is parasympathetic more organ specific

A

because preganglionic axons only go to one ganglion

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23
Q

when does sympathetic activity increase

A

during high stress

- the fight-or-flight response

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24
Q

fight-or-flight response

A

coordinated activation of all systems to support physical exertion

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25
Q

hormonal component of fight-or-flight

A

adrenal gland releases epinephrine

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26
Q

when does parasympathetic activity increase

A

during a rest-or-digest state

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27
Q

dysautonomia

A

diverse array of diseases with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension

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28
Q

another name for orthostatic hypotension

A

postural hypotension

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29
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

upon standing there is a fall in blood pressure as blood moves rapidly to the legs

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30
Q

how do healthy individuals compensate orthostatic hypotension

A
  • drop is detected and sympathetic system releases norepinephrine
  • activates alpha 1 norepinephrine receptors on smooth muscle
  • smooth muscle contracts
  • prevents blood from dropping into lower vessels
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31
Q

what happens to orthostatic hypotension if something goes wrong with norepinephrine or alpha1 NE receptors

A

no compensatory response

32
Q

symptoms of no compensatory response

A

blood pressure falls, dizziness, loss of vision, pass out

33
Q

syncope

A

pass out

34
Q

what else causes compensatory response to fail

A

dehydration or people taking alpha1 NE blockers for high BP

35
Q

what do giraffes need to deal with frequent head movements

A

lots of smooth muscle

36
Q

neurogenic orthostatic hypotension

A

loss of NE neurons in brain

37
Q

where does neurogenic orthostatic hypotensions occur (4 disorders)

A
  1. Parkinson’s
  2. Pure Autonomic Failure
  3. diabetic neuropathy
  4. Multiple System Atrophy
38
Q

2 functions of respiratory networks

A
  1. control movement

2. control homeostasis of blood gases, pH, and temperature

39
Q

2 features of breathing

A
  1. robust (reliable)

2. adaptable

40
Q

3 significant respiratory groups in the brain

A
  1. Pontine
  2. Ventral
  3. preBotzinger Complex
41
Q

source of rhythm generation

A

preBotzinger complex

42
Q

flow chart of respiratory control

A

rhythm generator -> pattern generator -> motoneurons -> respiratory muscles -> afferents (mechanical and chemical)

43
Q

pattern generator

A

composed of premotor networks and motor neurons

44
Q

what is the function of the pattern generator

A

coordinates activity of inspitory and expitory muscles

45
Q

what is the main respiratory muscle

A

the diaphragm

46
Q

do all animals have diaphragms

A

no, only mammals

47
Q

how do opiates effect breathing

A

they depress breathing

48
Q

clinical problem with opiates

A

how do we effectively provide painkillers without depressing breathing

49
Q

when was the preBotzinger Complex discovered to be the rhythm generator

A

in the 1990s

50
Q

how was the preBotzinger Complex discovered

A

scientists observed an in vitro brainstem-spinal cord from a neonatal rat
- sliced it down until they found the section responsible for rhythm

51
Q

4 advantages of an in vitro approach

A
  1. stability
  2. can apply hi-tech methodologies
  3. environment control
  4. no blood-brain barrier
52
Q

3 hypotheses of rhythm generation

A
  1. network hypothesis
  2. pacemaker hypothesis
  3. group pacemaker hypothesis
53
Q

network hypothesis

A

rhythm arises from network of neurons to produce rhythm via reciprocal inhibition or recurrent excitation

54
Q

how is the network hypothesis disproven

A

if you block synaptic inhibition in vitro, rhythm persists

55
Q

pacemaker hypothesis

A

neurons spontaneously generate a rhythm like in the heart

- preBotzinger complex contains pacemaker cells

56
Q

how was the pacemaker hypothesis proven wrong

A

if pacemakers are blocked rhythm persists

57
Q

group pacemaker hypothesis

A

rhythm is generated by recurrent excitation among interconnected pacemakers

58
Q

in the group pacemaker hypothesis, are pacemakers essential to rhythm

A

not necessarily, but they are important in neonate

59
Q

how many muscles are involved in breathing

A

more than 15

60
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors located

A

in carotid body

61
Q

where is the carotid body

A

where the carotid artery branches into internal and external

62
Q

what do peripheral chemoreceptors do

A

monitor CO2, pH, and O2 of arterial blood going to the brain

63
Q

another example of peripheral chemoreceptors

A

aortic bodies

64
Q

initial hypothesis about central chemoreceptors

A

Rostral and Candal areas monitor CO2 and O2 levels in the brain

65
Q

most important area in chemosensation

A

retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN)

66
Q

what area might be the RTN

A

the Rostral area

67
Q

5 clinical disorder involving the CNS

A
  1. chronic congenital hypoventilation syndrome
  2. apnea of prematurity
  3. SIDS
  4. spinal cord injury
  5. sleep apnea
68
Q

Ondine’s curse

A

Chronic Congenital Hypoventilation Syndrome

69
Q

chronic congenital hypoventilation syndrome

A

lack of CO2 sensitivity, which results in a lack of desire to breath

70
Q

why was chronic congenital hypoventilation syndrome difficult to study

A

babies who had it would die quickly

71
Q

apnea of prematurity

A

infants born early do not have mature respiratory networks

72
Q

SIDS

A

sudden infant death syndrome

- disease of ommission

73
Q

disease of ommission

A

no cause of death found in first year of life, it must be SIDS

74
Q

spinal cord injury

A

injury in high cervical region result in inability to drive the diaphragm

75
Q

what causes sleep apnea

A

during wakefulness, motoneuron activity increases

  • during sleep this decreases
  • sleep apnea is caused by reduction in motoneuron activity controlling airways
76
Q

what is sleep apnea

A

airway collapse during sleep, leading to snoring and possibly death

Physiology 210A (6 decks)

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