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Physiology 210A > Control of Movement > Flashcards

Control of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

function of alpha motoneurons

A

activate main (extrafusal) muscle fibers to contract

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2
Q

muscle spindle afferent function

A

signal muscle length changes

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3
Q

extrafusal

A

outside the muscle spindle

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4
Q

intrafusal

A

inside the muscle spindle

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5
Q

golgi tendon organ afferents function

A

signal muscle force

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6
Q

gamma motoneuron function

A

increases the sensitivity of muscle spindles to length changes of the parent muscle

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7
Q

how do gamma motoneurons increase spindle sensitivity

A

by activating intrafusal fibers which stretch spindles and causes sensory afferents to fire more rapidly

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8
Q

what is the gamma loop responsible for

A

maintaining muscle tension during movement

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9
Q

theory of alpha-gamma coactivation

A

intrafusal contraction compensates for spindle shortening

- this keeps spindle afferent firing rate constant

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10
Q

reality of alpha-gamma coactivation

A

spindle afferent firing does decrease, because gamma motoneurons are not enough compensation

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11
Q

2 spinal cord reflexes

A
  1. stretch reflex

2. flexor withdrawal reflex

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12
Q

stretch reflex stimulus

A

muscle stretch

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13
Q

what 2 things simultaneously occur during the stretch reflex

A
  1. spindle-afferent-mediated monosynaptic excitation of agonist motoneurons and disynaptic inhibition of antagonist motoneurons
  2. tendon-organ-mediated disynaptic inhibition of agonist motoneurons and disynaptic excitation of antagonist motoneurons
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14
Q

what opposes change in muscle length

A

excitation of agonist MN’s and disynaptic inhibition of antagonist MN’s

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15
Q

what opposes change in force

A

inhibition of agonist MN’s and disynaptic excitation of antagonist MN’s

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16
Q

purpose of stretch reflex

A

to resists imposed force in a spring-like manner

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17
Q

what causes the flexor withdrawal reflex

A

stepping on something painful

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18
Q

flexor withdrawal reflex

A

noxious stimulation (pain) causes flexion of ipsilateral leg and extension of contralateral leg

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19
Q

another name for the primary motor cortex, and why?

A

sensorimotor cortex, because of the importance of sensory signals

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20
Q

what controls complex movements of extremities

A

major motor areas of cerebral cortex

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21
Q

somatotopic map

A

somatotopic representation similar to the topographic map on the somatosensory cortex

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22
Q

where is the somatotopic map located

A

in the primary motor cortex

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23
Q

how was the somatotopic map established

A

with electrical stimulation with a probe during brain operations

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24
Q

which regions of the body occupy the largest areas of the somatotopic map

A

face and hands

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25
Q

how can neurons in the primary motor cortex be activated

A

with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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26
Q

how is TMS stimulating the primary motor cortex useful

A

useful in spinal cord operations to check for conduction block

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27
Q

what is another name for the pyramidal tract (PT)

A

the corticospinal tract (CST)

28
Q

corticospinal tract

A

axons from neurons in sensorimotor cortex make the tract

- these neurons make monosynaptic connections with spinal alpha motoneurons

29
Q

what results from CST lesions

A

spastic hemiplegia

30
Q

spastic hemiplegia symptoms (5)

A
  1. weakness or paralysis of extremities
  2. exaggerated stretch reflexes
  3. spasms
  4. speech deficits
  5. attentional deficits
31
Q

paresis

A

weakness

32
Q

hypertonus

A

exaggerated stretch reflex

33
Q

dysarthria

A

motor speech disorder

34
Q

aphasia

A

disturbance in language comprehension

35
Q

apraxia

A

inability to execute learned purposeful movements

36
Q

hemi-neglect

A

inability to attend to one side of space

37
Q

upper motoneuron lesions

A

another name for CST lesions

38
Q

Broca’s area function

A

motor aspects of speech

39
Q

lesion in Broca’s area

A

motor aphasia (slurring speech)

40
Q

Wernicke’s area functions (2)

A
  1. comprehension of language

2. association of visual, auditory, and tactile input with words

41
Q

lesions in Wernicke’s area

A

sensory aphasia and dyslexia

42
Q

what would happen if you handed a person with sensory aphasia a pen

A

they might think it’s a spoon, but proceed to write their name with it

43
Q

what does sensory aphasia tell us about brain pathways

A

sensory to motor transformation is separate from sensory to cognitive transformation

44
Q

2 inputs to cerebellum

A
  1. sensory input from spinal cord

2. motor commands from cerebral cortex

45
Q

4 functional divisions of the cerebellum

A
  1. vermis
  2. intermediate zone
  3. lateral zone
  4. flocculondular lobe
46
Q

vermis

A

posture, neck and axial musculature

47
Q

intermediate zone

A

locomotion

48
Q

lateral zone

A

coordinating complex

- skilled movements of arms, hands, and fingers

49
Q

flocculonodular lobe

A

balance

50
Q

what are the basal ganglia

A

large, deep cerebral nuclei

51
Q

2 functions of basal ganglia

A
  1. involved in initiating movement

2. involved in suppressing activity of muscles that would resist movement

52
Q

2 possible dysfunctions of basal ganglia

A
  1. poverty of movement

2. involuntary movement

53
Q

poverty of movement

A

bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor

54
Q

example of poverty of movement

A

Parkinson’s disease

55
Q

involuntary movement

A

dyskinesia

56
Q

examples of involuntary movement

A

chorea, Tourette’s, hemiballismus

57
Q

bradykinesia

A

slow movement

58
Q

4 functions of the brainstem

A
  1. control of respiratory and cardiovascular musculature
  2. control of sleep/wake/arousal
  3. control of transmission in sensory, motor, reflex, and pain pathways
  4. initiation of locomotion
59
Q

which part of the brainstem is responsible for arousal

A

reticular activating system

60
Q

which part of the brainstem is responsible for initiation of locomotion

A

midbrain locomotor area

61
Q

what inhibits the RAS

A

sedatives, barbiturates, and other anaesthetics

62
Q

what activates RAS neurons

A

visual and other sensory inputs

63
Q

what results from small lesions in RAS

A

coma

64
Q

how do anesthetics work

A

by inactivating neurons in RAS

65
Q

what requires input from neurons in RAS? what type of neurons?

A

pre-optic area of hypothalamus requires input from noradrenergic neurons in RAS

Physiology 210A (6 decks)

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