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Physiology 210A > Emotion, mood, learning, memory > Flashcards

Emotion, mood, learning, memory Flashcards

1
Q

3 neuromodulatory systems

A
  1. serotonin (5-HT)
  2. dopamine
  3. acetylcholine (Ach)
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2
Q

which part of the brain releases serotonin

A

raphe nuclei

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3
Q

how are raphe neurons activated

A

by novel, unexpected, but innocuous sensory stimuli

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4
Q

what is serotonin involved in

A

arousal and the control of sleep-wake cycles

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5
Q

where is dopamine produced

A

substantia nigra

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6
Q

dopamine function

A

movement initiation

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7
Q

disease related to lack of dopamine

A

Parkinson’s disease

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8
Q

what happens when dopamine reaches the frontal lobes

A

provides “reward” and reinforces adaptive behaviors

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9
Q

how can dopamine be activated artificially

A

electrical stimulation of ventral tegmental area

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10
Q

how is dopamine related to ADD? what does this suggest?

A

increasing dopamine and norepinephrine with Ritalin improve ADD
- suggests these NTs play a role in selective attention

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11
Q

acetylcholine functions (2)

A
  1. supply to frontal lobes and hippocampus is important in memory
  2. supply to thalamus and striatum for movement initiation
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12
Q

2 disorders associated with depleted Ach

A
  1. Alzheimer’s

2. Parkinson’s

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13
Q

limbic system

A

ancient part of brain with many homeostatic functions

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14
Q

7 functions of limbic system

A
  1. body temperature
  2. water balance
  3. appetite, metabolic rate, growth
  4. sex drive, menstrual cycle, birth reflexes
  5. emotional behavior
  6. motivation and reward
  7. memory
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15
Q

what is the command center of the limbic system

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

hypothalamus

A

“head nucleus of the ANS”

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17
Q

6 things resulting from stimulation of hypothalamus

A
  1. thirst
  2. anorexia
  3. bulimia
  4. sexual behavior
  5. rage
  6. pleasure
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18
Q

which part of hypothalamus senses blood osmolarity

A

supraoptic nuclei

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19
Q

which part of hypothalamus secretes ADH

A

posterior pituitary

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20
Q

ADH

A

vasopressin that increases water reabsorption in kidney collecting tubules

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21
Q

3 causes of depression

A
  1. genetic predisposition
  2. stressful life events
  3. last biochemical imbalance
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22
Q

which chemicals are particularly related to depression

A

serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine

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23
Q

4 chemical treatments for depression

A
  1. tricyclics
  2. monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  3. SSRI’s
  4. lithium
24
Q

tricyclics

A

non-selective biogenic amine re-uptake inhibitors

25
Q

MAO inhibitors

A

non-selective biogenic amine breakdown inhibitors

26
Q

SSRI

A

selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors

27
Q

what is lithium specifically used for

A

manic-depressive disorders

28
Q

lithium

A

affects second messenger system and cell membranes

29
Q

is depression tightly correlated with biogenic amine levels

A

no, long-lasting changes in cell membrane receptors channels are also implicated

30
Q

how is drug dependence created

A

drugs that affect limbic reward centers can produce dependence

31
Q

tolerance

A

chronic use of a drug leads to upregulation of enzymes that break down the drug

32
Q

associative learning

A

conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus

33
Q

non-associative learning

A

sensitization or habituation to a repeated stimulus

34
Q

operant conditioning

A

associate a behavior with a reward

35
Q

3 types of learning

A
  1. associative learning
  2. non-associative learning
  3. operant conditioning
36
Q

hypothesized mechanism of short-term memory

A

cyclical electrical activity in neural circuits

37
Q

hypothesized mechanism of long-term memory

A

molecules changes in neuronal cell membranes and synapses

38
Q

3 types of working memory

A
  1. episodic
  2. visuo-spatial
  3. phonological
39
Q

phonological memory

A

recent words and sounds

40
Q

visuo-spatial memory

A

recent sights and locations

41
Q

2 types of long-term memory (and 4 sub-types)

A
  1. declarative
    - a) semantic
    - b) episodic
  2. procedural
    - c) stimulus-response behaviors
    - d) motor skills
42
Q

where is short-term episodic memory located

A

frontal and parietal lobes

43
Q

where is phonological memory located

A

temporal lobe

44
Q

where is visuo-spatial memory located

A

occipital lobe

45
Q

where is declarative memory located

A

temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala

46
Q

where is procedural memory located

A

basal ganglia, cerebellum

47
Q

where does transfer from STM to LTM occur

A

likely in temporal lobes

- reward system involving hypothalamus is also implicated

48
Q

caudate nucleus function

A

consolidating stimulus-response associations

49
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

complete anterograde amnesisa due to hippocampus damage

50
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

degeneration of memory-holding neurons due to amyloid precursor proteins causing “excitotoxicity”

51
Q

simplified explanation of Alzheimer’s

A

neurons damaged by over-excitation

52
Q

3 neuronal mechanisms

A
  1. reverberating circuit
  2. molecular change
  3. synapse strengthening
53
Q

reverberating circuit

A

neural circuit “holds” a memory by continual cyclical activation

54
Q

molecular change

A

2nd messengers change gene expression of proteins in the cell membrane, to change the neuron’s responsiveness to “search and recall” signals

55
Q

2 examples of 2nd messenger molecules

A
  1. nitric oxide

2. cGMP

56
Q

how are 2nd messengers activated

A

when an event input is associated with a relevant context input

57
Q

synapse strengthening

A

2nd messengers change gene expression at output synapses, causing permanent structural alterations in them, which increase neuron output

Physiology 210A (6 decks)

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