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FUN biomed and pharmo > FUN3/Carbohydrates > Flashcards

FUN3/Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

sugars _____ and _____ around their bonds

A

twist and rotate

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2
Q

sugars are rapidly _______, so they can flick in and out of their ring configuration

A

reversible

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3
Q

during the cyclisation of monosaccharides, an _______/______ group reacts with an _______ group on the same sugar

A

aldehyde/ketone, hydroxyl

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4
Q

a 6 membered ring is called a _______

A

pyranose

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5
Q

cyclisation creates an _____ carbon at C-_ of an aldose or C-_ of a ketose

A

anomeric, 1, 2

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6
Q

it is the carbon in a cyclic sugar that is the ______ carbon in the open chain form

A

carbonyl

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7
Q

An anomer of a saccharide only differs in it’s structure at the _________ carbon

A

anomeric

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8
Q

In an α monosaccharide, the -OH group is on the _______ side of the anomeric carbon in the open chain and points _______ in the cyclic sugar

A

right, down

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9
Q

•In a β monosaccharide, the -OH group is on the _______ side of the anomeric carbon in the open chain and points _______ in the cyclic sugar

A

left, up

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10
Q

in a glycosidic bond, the name or type of bond depends on the number of the connected ______ and the position of the anomeric ______ group.

A

carbon, hydroxyl

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11
Q

carbohydrates can also bind to non carbohydrate structures like

A

purines/pyrimidines, aromatic rings, proteins, and lipids

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12
Q

all monosaccharides are ____ sugars

A

reducing

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13
Q

in a reducing sugar, the carbonyl carbon of the sugar is oxidized to a _______ group, by freeing up a(n) _____/_____ group

A

carboxyl, ketone/aldehyde

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14
Q

in a sugar, the ring can open if the hydroxyl group on an amomeric carbon is not _______ to another compound by a _______ bond

A

linked, glycosidic

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15
Q

when the sugar opens up out of a ring formation, it can then act as a _____ agent, meaning that it _______ electrons.

A

reducing, donates/looses

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16
Q

reducing sugars can also interact with _____ agents.

A

chromogenic

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17
Q

you can use a chromogenic agent to detect sugar in ______

A

urine

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18
Q

glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s) are large complexes of …….

+/- charged

branched or unbranched

hetero/homo polysacc chains

A

negative, unbranched, hetero

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19
Q

GAG’s can bind large amts of _____

A

water

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20
Q

GAG’s along with ______ and _____ make up the ECM

A

fibrous proteins, adhesive proteins

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21
Q

GAG’s act as a ________ support for the ECM

A

flexible

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22
Q

the structure of GAG’s: they have a repeating dissaccharide unit… it goes from a _____ sugar to a ____sugar

A

acidic, amino

[acidic sugar – amino sugar]sub n

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23
Q

what is the acidic sugar in GAG’s? what charge do these sugars have

A

D-glucuronic acid or L-iduronic acid, negative

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24
Q

what is the amino sugar in GAG’s?

A

D-glucosamine or D-galactosamine

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25
Q

Some GAG’s will have attached ____ groups

A

sulfate

26
Q

GAG’s: Hyaluronic acid is a _______ and ________ absorber

A

lubricant, shock

27
Q

what are the types of GAG’s?

A

Hyaluronic acid, Chrondroitin 4- and 6-sulphate, Keratan sulphates I & II, Herparin, Dermatan sulphate, and Heparan sulphate

28
Q

where can hyaluronic acid be found?

A

synovial fluid of joints, vitreous humor of eye, loose connective tissue, and cartilage

29
Q

what does chondroitin 4- and 6-sulphate do and where can it be found?

A

it holds fibers in a strong network

it can be found in the cartilage, aorta, tendons, and ligaments (LCAT)

30
Q

where can keratan sulphates I and II be found?

A

loose connective tissue associated with chrondroitin, cornea of eye

31
Q

what is heparin and where can it be found

A

it is an intracellular anticoagulant and it can be found in mast cells that line arteries in the liver, lungs, and skin

32
Q

Where can dermatan sulphate be found?

A

skin, blood vessels, heart valves

33
Q

where can heparan sulphate be found?

A

basement membrane, component of cell surfaces

34
Q

proteoglycans (PG) are complexes of ______ chains with _____ cores and protein links attached to a _________ acid backbone

A

GAG, protein, hyaluronic

35
Q

fill in proteoglycan strucutre

A
36
Q

PG’s are found in ____ and _____

A

connective tissue and cartilage

37
Q

PG’s act act molecular ______

A

sieves

38
Q

structural properties of PG’s: they have ____ and ______ to compression

A

elasticity, resistance

39
Q

PG’s maintain the _____ of tissues

A

shapes

40
Q

PG’s bind ________ion

A

cat (ex. Na+, K+)

41
Q

PG’s attract _____ into the ECM

A

water

42
Q

glycoproteins (GP’s) are proteins with attached ________.

A

oligosaccharides

43
Q

GP’s are abt __-___ sugars long

A

2-30

44
Q

an O-linked GP is attached to the _____ group of a ____ or _____

A

hydroxyl, serine, threonine

45
Q

an N-linked GP is attached to the _______ nitrogen of ______

A

amine, asparagine

46
Q

GP’s do/don’t have glucose

A

don’t

47
Q

GP’s are (never/often/always) branched

A

often

48
Q

what is the role of the oligosacc’s in GP’s?

A

they sort proteins into various compartments

49
Q

GP’s can act as ___, ____, _____, _____

A

enzymes, hormones, anitbodies, structural proteins

50
Q

membrane GP’s help with _______ recognition

A

cell surface (ex. blood groups)

51
Q

a type of GP called ______ are protective lubricants of the GI and GU tract

A

mucins

52
Q

mucins are __% carbohydrate

A

80

53
Q

_____________ are a group of inherited diseases that occur when the body doesnt properly produce the correct enzymes to break down GAG’s.

A

Mucopolysaccharidoses

54
Q

Mucopolysaccharidoses is autosomal (dom/rec)

A

recessive

55
Q

2 main types of Mucopolysaccharidoses

A

hurlers syndrome and hunters syndrome

56
Q

hurlers syndrome is a ______ deficiency

A

iduronidase

57
Q

hunters syndrome is a ____-linked _________ deficiency

A

X, iduronate sulphatase

58
Q

GAG’s are normally degraded by ________

A

lysosomal hydrolases

59
Q

as a result of Mucopolysaccharidoses, GAG’s accumulate in _______

A

lysosomes

60
Q

markers of someone that has Mucopolysaccharidoses

A

skeletal deformities, mental retardation, frontal bossing, prominent eyes with hyperteiorism, depressed nasal bridge, gapped teeth, gingival hypertrophy, thickened tounge

61
Q

what is used to identify a glycoprotein storage disease

A

oligosacc’s in urine

FUN biomed and pharmo (8 decks)

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