FUN3/Carbohydrates

Question 1

sugars _____ and _____ around their bonds

Answer 1

twist and rotate

Question 2

sugars are rapidly _______, so they can flick in and out of their ring configuration

Answer 2

reversible

Question 3

during the cyclisation of monosaccharides, an _______/______ group reacts with an _______ group on the same sugar

Answer 3

aldehyde/ketone, hydroxyl

Question 4

a 6 membered ring is called a _______

Answer 4

pyranose

Question 5

cyclisation creates an _____ carbon at C-_ of an aldose or C-_ of a ketose

Answer 5

anomeric, 1, 2

Question 6

it is the carbon in a cyclic sugar that is the ______ carbon in the open chain form

Answer 6

carbonyl

Question 7

An anomer of a saccharide only differs in it’s structure at the _________ carbon

Answer 7

anomeric

Question 8

In an α monosaccharide, the -OH group is on the _______ side of the anomeric carbon in the open chain and points _______ in the cyclic sugar

Answer 8

right, down

Question 9

•In a β monosaccharide, the -OH group is on the _______ side of the anomeric carbon in the open chain and points _______ in the cyclic sugar

Answer 9

left, up

Question 10

in a glycosidic bond, the name or type of bond depends on the number of the connected ______ and the position of the anomeric ______ group.

Answer 10

carbon, hydroxyl

Question 11

carbohydrates can also bind to non carbohydrate structures like

Answer 11

purines/pyrimidines, aromatic rings, proteins, and lipids

Question 12

all monosaccharides are ____ sugars

Answer 12

reducing

Question 13

in a reducing sugar, the carbonyl carbon of the sugar is oxidized to a _______ group, by freeing up a(n) _____/_____ group

Answer 13

carboxyl, ketone/aldehyde

Question 14

in a sugar, the ring can open if the hydroxyl group on an amomeric carbon is not _______ to another compound by a _______ bond

Answer 14

linked, glycosidic

Question 15

when the sugar opens up out of a ring formation, it can then act as a _____ agent, meaning that it _______ electrons.

Answer 15

reducing, donates/looses

Question 16

reducing sugars can also interact with _____ agents.

Answer 16

chromogenic

Question 17

you can use a chromogenic agent to detect sugar in ______

Answer 17

urine

Question 18

glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s) are large complexes of …….

+/- charged

branched or unbranched

hetero/homo polysacc chains

Answer 18

negative, unbranched, hetero

Question 19

GAG’s can bind large amts of _____

Answer 19

water

Question 20

GAG’s along with ______ and _____ make up the ECM

Answer 20

fibrous proteins, adhesive proteins

Question 21

GAG’s act as a ________ support for the ECM

Answer 21

flexible

Question 22

the structure of GAG’s: they have a repeating dissaccharide unit… it goes from a _____ sugar to a ____sugar

Answer 22

acidic, amino

[acidic sugar – amino sugar]sub n

Question 23

what is the acidic sugar in GAG’s? what charge do these sugars have

Answer 23

D-glucuronic acid or L-iduronic acid, negative

Question 24

what is the amino sugar in GAG’s?

Answer 24

D-glucosamine or D-galactosamine

Question 25

Some GAG's will have attached ____ groups

Answer 25

sulfate

Question 26

GAG's: Hyaluronic acid is a _______ and ________ absorber

Answer 26

lubricant, shock

Question 27

what are the types of GAG's?

Answer 27

Hyaluronic acid, Chrondroitin 4- and 6-sulphate, Keratan sulphates I & II, Herparin, Dermatan sulphate, and Heparan sulphate

Question 28

where can hyaluronic acid be found?

Answer 28

synovial fluid of joints, vitreous humor of eye, loose connective tissue, and cartilage

Question 29

what does chondroitin 4- and 6-sulphate do and where can it be found?

Answer 29

it holds fibers in a strong network it can be found in the cartilage, aorta, tendons, and ligaments (LCAT)

Question 30

where can keratan sulphates I and II be found?

Answer 30

loose connective tissue associated with chrondroitin, cornea of eye

Question 31

what is heparin and where can it be found

Answer 31

it is an intracellular anticoagulant and it can be found in mast cells that line arteries in the liver, lungs, and skin

Question 32

Where can dermatan sulphate be found?

Answer 32

skin, blood vessels, heart valves

Question 33

where can heparan sulphate be found?

Answer 33

basement membrane, component of cell surfaces

Question 34

proteoglycans (PG) are complexes of ______ chains with _____ cores and protein links attached to a _________ acid backbone

Answer 34

GAG, protein, hyaluronic

Question 35

fill in proteoglycan strucutre

Answer 35

Question 36

PG's are found in ____ and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 36

connective tissue and cartilage

Question 37

PG's act act molecular \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 37

sieves

Question 38

structural properties of PG's: they have ____ and ______ to compression

Answer 38

elasticity, resistance

Question 39

PG's maintain the _____ of tissues

Answer 39

shapes

Question 40

PG's bind \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ion

Answer 40

cat (ex. Na+, K+)

Question 41

PG's attract _____ into the ECM

Answer 41

water

Question 42

glycoproteins (GP's) are proteins with attached \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 42

oligosaccharides

Question 43

GP's are abt \_\_-\_\_\_ sugars long

Answer 43

2-30

Question 44

an O-linked GP is attached to the _____ group of a ____ or \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 44

hydroxyl, serine, threonine

Question 45

an N-linked GP is attached to the _______ nitrogen of \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 45

amine, asparagine

Question 46

GP's do/don't have glucose

Answer 46

don't

Question 47

GP's are (never/often/always) branched

Answer 47

often

Question 48

what is the role of the oligosacc's in GP's?

Answer 48

they sort proteins into various compartments

Question 49

GP's can act as \_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 49

enzymes, hormones, anitbodies, structural proteins

Question 50

membrane GP's help with _______ recognition

Answer 50

cell surface (ex. blood groups)

Question 51

a type of GP called ______ are protective lubricants of the GI and GU tract

Answer 51

mucins

Question 52

mucins are \_\_% carbohydrate

Answer 52

80

Question 53

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are a group of inherited diseases that occur when the body doesnt properly produce the correct enzymes to break down GAG's.

Answer 53

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Question 54

Mucopolysaccharidoses is autosomal (dom/rec)

Answer 54

recessive

Question 55

2 main types of Mucopolysaccharidoses

Answer 55

hurlers syndrome and hunters syndrome

Question 56

hurlers syndrome is a ______ deficiency

Answer 56

iduronidase

Question 57

hunters syndrome is a \_\_\_\_-linked _________ deficiency

Answer 57

X, iduronate sulphatase

Question 58

GAG's are normally degraded by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 58

lysosomal hydrolases

Question 59

as a result of Mucopolysaccharidoses, GAG's accumulate in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 59

lysosomes

Question 60

markers of someone that has Mucopolysaccharidoses

Answer 60

skeletal deformities, mental retardation, frontal bossing, prominent eyes with hyperteiorism, depressed nasal bridge, gapped teeth, gingival hypertrophy, thickened tounge

Question 61

what is used to identify a glycoprotein storage disease

Answer 61

oligosacc's in urine