Full Study Guide Flashcards
Transaction model states that communication is a process
In which communicators generate social realities within
-social, relational and cultural contexts
Transaction model does NOT
Communicate just to exchange messages
Transaction model does not communicate just to exchange messages but to communicate…
-create relationships
-form intercultural alliances
-shape our self concepts
-engage with others in dialogue to create communities
Transaction model: you do not communicate about your realties
Communication helps to construct your realities
Transaction model: the people in a communication encounter are called
Communicators
Transaction model: we are sommultaneously
Senders and receivers
Transaction model: simultaneously send and receive..
Send verbal messages, receive non verbal messages
Transaction model: in the middle of sending a verbal message you can
Adapt your communication in response to the nonverbal message you are simultaneously receiving from your communication partner
Transaction model: uses a complete
Understanding of context
Since the transaction model of communication views communication as a ____ that _________________ before and after specific interactions, it must then…
-force, shapes our realities
-account for contextual influences outside of a single interaction
Transaction model: considers how
Social, relational, cultural contexts, frame and influence our commmunication encounters
Social context
Refers to the stated rules or unstated norms that guide communication
Examples of social context
-common rules that influence health studies
-being truthful during conversations
-being patient
-encouraging client to speak
-demonstrate empathy
Relational context
Your previous interpersonal history and relationship with a person
Examples of relational context
Within a career in health studies you should always communicate professionally because the relationship is professional, NOT personal
Cultural context
Includes aspects of identity, such as, gender, pronouns, ethnicity, sexual orientation, class and ability
A competent communicator should not assume that
They know all the cultural contexts a person brings to an encounter
-not all cultural identities are visible
To communicate well within various cultural contexts it is important to
Keep an open mind and avoid making assumptions about others cultural identities
Therapeutic communication has a specific purpose within healthcare context:
It is intended to
Develop an effective interpersonal health professional client relationship that supports the clients well being and ensure holistic, client centred, quality care
Therapeutic communication effect on mind and body
Restorative and healing effect on the mind and body, doing no harm
Therapeutic communication provides a safe space
To build trust and enhance recovery
Therapeutic communication: treats clients professionally by
Respecting boundaries and listening to them nonjudgmental
Therapeutic communication addresses
Communication barriers and respects clients personal and cultural beliefs
Active listening and attending behaviours: communicate verbally and nonverbally that we are
Interested in what the other person is saying while verifying our understanding with the speaker
Active listening and attending behaviours: is essential to facilitate
Your understanding of and integration of clients experiences, preferences and health goals into their care
Active listening and attending behaviours: can show you are active listening through
Eye contact and open posture
Active listening and attending behaviours: use strategies that show active listening and encourage the client to elaborate such as
- Nodding,
- “uh huh”, “tell me more”
-restating what the client said and then verifying if our understanding is correct
Therapeutic communication: essential to recognize the clients ___ to make decisions, maintain a ____ attitude and avoid _____
-autonomy
-nonjudgmental
-interrupting
Therapeutic communication: often ask ____ _____ questions and statements, ____ information, or use ____ to prompt clients to work through their problems independently
-open ended
-repeat
-silence
Therapeutic communication: use ______ and _____ language
-clear
-simple
Therapeutic communication: avoiding or limiting _____ and _____ language clients may not understand is best
-medical and professional
Therapeutic communication: remember, knowledge is ____, using language others may not understand reinforces ______ and _____
-power
-subordination
-exclusion
Therapeutic communication: by speaking ____ and ____ you include the client regardless of their professional or educational _______ ___ ______
-simply and clearly
-point of reference
Therapeutic communication: use a broad opening remark
-why and example
-gives the patient the freedom to choose what she/he wants to talk about
-please tell me more about yourself
Therapeutic communication: open ended questions
-why
-examples
-allows patient to discuss their views, encourages patient to say more
-how did you experience the pain? When did you start feeling dizzy?
Therapeutic communication: clarification
Helps the health professional understand and the client to communicate more clearly
-what do you mean by everybody? Or just to clarify…?
Therapeutic communication: paraphrasing
Conveys an understanding of the clients basic message
-from what i hear you saying, the most important problem is your mobility
Therapeutic communication: sharing observations
Shows that you know what is happening to the patient and encourage them to talk about it
-i notice you limp when you walk. Are you in pain?
Therapeutic communication: summarizing
Organizing and checking what the client said, especially after a detailed discussion
-you went for a walk and then felt the sharp pain in your lower back, which radiated down your leg. Is that right?
Therapeutic communication: silence
-aids in active listening
-beneficial when the client is talking about something personal or struggling to find the words they want to say
-allows the health professional to observe the client
Therapeutic communication: honesty
-be honest
-authentic and truthful
-straightforward with client, talking compassionately
Therapeutic communication: unconditional positive regard
-accept and respect that each client has agency to believe and behave how they want or feel is best
-involves accepting that clients are generally doing their best
“Tell me the reasons..”
Therapeutic communication: permission statements
A combination of statements and questions that suggest to the client that an experience or feeling is expected and normal
Examples of permission statements
-children your age experience changes in their body they have questions about
-clients after surgery often have questions about sex. What questions do you have for me?
Therapeutic communication: asking questions
Ask one question at a time
Therapeutic communication: work collaboratively
Work with the client during the interview so that they are an active agent with self determination
-using relational inquiry and working collaboratively
-focus on what is important to the client
Four aspects of self
-you are a dynamic system
-always in a state of change physiologically and psychologically
-self as ones sense of individuality, personal characteristics, motivations, and actions
Self awareness
Conscious knowledge of ones character, emotions, values, assumptions, motives and desires
-awareness to yourself
Self awareness allows you to
-see things from others perspectives
-practice self control
-experience pride in yourself and work
-general self esteem
Self awareness leads to better
-decision making
-improves personal and professional communications
-self confidence and competence
Self reflection, introspection, mindfulness or meditation can increase
-awareness of self
-primary mechanisms to influence personality development
More internally focused form of self awareness
Self reflection
Self concept is developed through
Comparisons to other people
We describe and evaluate how we compare ourselves to other people:
-superiority and inferiority
-similarity and difference
Self is based on the
Attitude, beliefs and values that you have about yourself
Attitude
Your immediate disposition toward a concept or an object
Beliefs
Ideas based on our previous experiences and convictions and may not be necessarily based on logic or fact
Values
Core concepts and ideas about what we consider good or bad, right or wrong, or what is worth making a sacrifice for
-self image
Self esteem
People’s judgements about their ability to perform a task within a specific context
-judgments about our self efficacy influence our self esteem, which influences our self concept
Self discrepancy theory
People have beliefs about and expectations for their actual and potential selves that do not always match up with what they experience
Actual
Attributes you, or someone else believes you possess
Ideal
Attributes you or someone else would like you to possess
Ought
Attributes you or someone else believes you should possess
Actual versus own ideals
We feel we are not obtaining our desires and hopes, leading to disappointment, dissatisfaction and frustration
Actual versus other ideals
We have an overall feeling that we are not obtaining significant others desires and hopes for us, which leads to feelings of shame and embarrassment
Actual versus others ought
We feel that we are not meeting what others see as our duties and obligations, leading to agitation, including fear of potential punishment
Actual versus own ought
We feel that we are not meeting our duties and obligations, which can lead to a feeling that we have fallen short of our moral standards
Influences on self perception
-social and family influences
-culture
-media
Self fulfilling prophecy
When your expectation causes something to happen
Self disclosure
The purposeful disclosure of personal information to another person
-does not always have to be deep to be useful or meaningful
Self disclosure theories
-social penetration theory
-social comparison theory
-johari window
Social penetration theory
As we get to know someone, we engage in a reciprocal process of self disclosure that changes in breadth and depth
-affects how a relationship develops
Depth
How personal or sensitive the information is
Breadth
The topics discussed
People in a relationship balance needs that are sometimes
in tension, which is a dialectic
Social comparison theory
We evaluate ourselves based on how we compare with others
Social comparison theory: we may disclose information about our intellectual aptitude or athletic abilities to see
How we relate to others
Social comparison theory: helps us decide wether we are
superior or inferior to others in a particular area
Social comparison theory: disclosures about abilities or talents can also lead to
Self validation if the person to whom we disclose reacts positively
Social comparison theory: we may disclose fantasies or thoughts to another to
Determine wether they are acceptable or unacceptable
Johari window
Visually represent the aspects of self that are known to us versus those that are unknown
Johari window: first quadrant
Lower left hand corner
-ideas known to self and others
-open area, includes concepts like your name, hobbies other topics about yourself you freely share with others
Johari window: second quadrant
-upper left hand corner
-unknown to self but known to others
-the blind area
Johari window: third quadrant
-upper right hand corner
-ideas unknown to self and others
-unknown area
Johari window: fourth quadrant
-lower right hand corner
-known to self but unknown to others
-hidden area
Four main categories for disclosure
-observations
-thoughts
-feelings
-needs
Observations
What we have done and experienced
-begin disclosure with observations and thoughts and then move on to feelings and needs as the relationship progresses
Self focused reasons for disclosure
-clarifying or correcting information
-having sense or relief or catharsis
-seeking support
Self focused reasons for not disclosing
-fear or rejection
-loss of privacy
Effects of disclosure on the relationship
Process of self disclosure is circular
-individual self discloses, then disclosure recipient reacts, original disclose processes the reaction
critical elements of discloses on relationship
How the receiver interprets and responds to the disclosure
Dispostional attriubue
Tendency to assign responsibility for others behaviours due to their inherent characteristics, such as their motives, beliefs or personality
Situational attributes
Identify the cause of a disclosure with the context or surroundings in which it takes place
Interpersonal attributes
Identify the relationship between the Seder and receiver as the cause of the disclosure
Deception
Lying to avoid conflict
-gain power, save face
-guide the interaction
Benevolent lie
White lie
Equivocate
Don’t answer the question or give your comments
-instead restate what they said differently
-you do not express your feelings or opinions
Hint
Use indirect or saving face comments
Impression management
Strategically conceals or reveals personal information to influence others perception
Combing impression management and self monitoring skills
Communicators can simultaneously monitor their expressions, the reactions of others and the situational and social context
Is impression management intentional or unintentional?
Can be either
Categories of impression management
-manner
-appearance
-setting
Primary means
Through which we learn new information
Listening helps us meet
Instrumental needs