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Fuels And Earth Science Flashcards

1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

The main source of hydrocarbons

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2
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound containing hydrogen and carbon only

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3
Q

State the 3 steps of the formation of oil and gas

A
  1. Dead Sea organisms settle on sea bed
  2. Layers of sedimentary rock build up on top
  3. Heat, pressure and the absence of oxygen cause oil and gas to form
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4
Q

Is crude oil renewable or non renewable?

A

Non renewable

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5
Q

How can crude oil be separated?

A

Using fractional distillation

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6
Q 
Glamorous 
People
Keep
Dogs
For
Babies
A 
Gas
Petrol
Kerosene 
Diesel
Fuel oil
Bitumen
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7
Q

What is gas used for?

A

Heating and cooking

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8
Q

What is petrol used for?

A

Cars

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9
Q

What is kerosene used for?

A

Aircraft fuel

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10
Q

What is diesel used for?

A

Lorries and buses

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11
Q

What is fuel oil used for?

A

Fuel for ships

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12
Q

What is bitumen used for?

A

Roads and roofs

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13
Q

What are the properties for the fractions at the top?(gas)

3

A

Longer carbon chains

Harder to ignite

Low boiling point

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14
Q

What are the properties of the fractions at the bottom? (Bitumen)

2

A

High boiling points

Less volatile

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15
Q

What does petrochemical mean?

A

Chemical that comes from crude oil

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16
Q

Monkeys
Eat
Pink
Bananas

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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17
Q

What is the formula for methane?

A

CH4

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18
Q

What is the formula for ethane?

A

C2H6

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19
Q

What is the formula for propane?

A

C3H8

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20
Q

What is the formula for butane?

A

C4H10

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21
Q

What are the similarities of alkanes? (5)

A

All saturated

Same general formula

Only differ by CH2

Similar physical properties

All react in similar ways

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22
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

Only have single bonds

23
Q

What are alkenes and what do they do to bromine?

A

Unsaturated

Bromine decolourises

24
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

Reacting with plenty of oxygen to release energy

25
Q

What happens to carbon in complete combustion?

A

It oxidises to become carbon dioxide

26
Q

What happens to hydrogen in complete combustion?

A

It oxidises to become water

27
Q

What is the general formula for complete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon+oxygen->carbon dioxide+water

28
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

When the supply of oxygen is poor

29
Q

What happens in incomplete combustion?

A

Water is still produced, but carbon monoxide and soot are released instead of carbon dioxide

30
Q

What is the general formula for incomplete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon+water->carbon monoxide+soot

31
Q

Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?(5)

A

Colourless

Odourless

Tasteless

Dense - sinks to floor

Near to where people sleep

32
Q

Why is carbon monoxide toxic?

A

Binds with haemoglobin

Stops oxygen binding

Stops respiration

Eventually become unconscious and die

33
Q

What is acid rain?

A

Rain with a pH of less than 5.2

34
Q

How is acid rain produced? (4)

A
  1. Burning fossil fuels
  2. Sulfur impurities
  3. Acidic gas
  4. Rain
35
Q

What are the positives of hydrogen?(3)

A

Very clean

Only waste product is water

Renewable

36
Q

What are the negatives of hydrogen?(4)

A

Specific, expensive engine

Manufacture uses energy from another source

Hard to store

Not widely available

37
Q

What is cracking?

A

The breaking down of larger saturated hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful ones, some of which are unsaturated

38
Q

What is used in cracking?

A

Heat and catalyst

39
Q

Why does cracking need lots of energy?

A

It involves breaking strong covalent bonds

40
Q

What was earth like in the beginning?

A

Covered in volcanoes

41
Q

What were the main gases in the beginning of earth? (5)

A 
Carbon dioxide
Water vapour
Ammonia
Methane
Nitrogen
42
Q

What is earth like now?

A

Ocean on the surface

43
Q

What are the main gases on earth now?

A

Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water vapour

44
Q

What percentage of nitrogen is in the earth now?

45
Q

What percentage of oxygen is in the earth now?

46
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is in the earth now?

47
Q

What percentage of other gases are in the earth now?

48
Q

What are the 4 stages of life forming?

A

Hot rocks

Earth cooled

Vapour condensed/CO2 dissolved

Photosynthesis

49
Q

What are the greenhouse gases?

A

Carbon dioxide
Methane
Water vapour

50
Q

What is global warming?

A

Rise in average global temperature

51
Q

What are the 5 stages of global warming?

A
  1. Earth radiates some of the heat energy as infrared
  2. Some of it is absorbed by the gases
  3. Some is reflected back to Earth
  4. Some is re-emitted back into space
  5. Greenhouse effect
52
Q

What is climate change?

A

Changes to average weather conditions

53
Q

What are the 5 causes of climate change?

A

Intensive livestock farming

Burning fossil fuels

Deforestation

Intensive rice paddy farming

More population

54
Q

What are the effects of climate change?(5)

A

Extinction

Sea levels rise

Destroyed coral reef

Droughts

Extreme weather

Chemistry (7 decks)

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