Fuels And Earth Science

Question 1

What is crude oil?

Answer 1

The main source of hydrocarbons

Question 2

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 2

A compound containing hydrogen and carbon only

Question 3

State the 3 steps of the formation of oil and gas

Answer 3

1. Dead Sea organisms settle on sea bed
2. Layers of sedimentary rock build up on top
3. Heat, pressure and the absence of oxygen cause oil and gas to form

Question 4

Is crude oil renewable or non renewable?

Answer 4

Non renewable

Question 5

How can crude oil be separated?

Answer 5

Using fractional distillation

Question 6

Glamorous 
People
Keep
Dogs
For
Babies

Answer 6

Gas
Petrol
Kerosene 
Diesel
Fuel oil
Bitumen

Question 7

What is gas used for?

Answer 7

Heating and cooking

Question 8

What is petrol used for?

Answer 8

Cars

Question 9

What is kerosene used for?

Answer 9

Aircraft fuel

Question 10

What is diesel used for?

Answer 10

Lorries and buses

Question 11

What is fuel oil used for?

Answer 11

Fuel for ships

Question 12

What is bitumen used for?

Answer 12

Roads and roofs

Question 13

What are the properties for the fractions at the top?(gas)

3

Answer 13

Longer carbon chains

Harder to ignite

Low boiling point

Question 14

What are the properties of the fractions at the bottom? (Bitumen)

2

Answer 14

High boiling points

Less volatile

Question 15

What does petrochemical mean?

Answer 15

Chemical that comes from crude oil

Question 16

Monkeys
Eat
Pink
Bananas

Answer 16

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

Question 17

What is the formula for methane?

Answer 17

CH4

Question 18

What is the formula for ethane?

Answer 18

C2H6

Question 19

What is the formula for propane?

Answer 19

C3H8

Question 20

What is the formula for butane?

Answer 20

C4H10

Question 21

What are the similarities of alkanes? (5)

Answer 21

All saturated

Same general formula

Only differ by CH2

Similar physical properties

All react in similar ways

Question 22

What does saturated mean?

Answer 22

Only have single bonds

Question 23

What are alkenes and what do they do to bromine?

Answer 23

Unsaturated

Bromine decolourises

Question 24

What is complete combustion?

Answer 24

Reacting with plenty of oxygen to release energy

Question 25

What happens to carbon in complete combustion?

Answer 25

It oxidises to become carbon dioxide

Question 26

What happens to hydrogen in complete combustion?

Answer 26

It oxidises to become water

Question 27

What is the general formula for complete combustion?

Answer 27

Hydrocarbon+oxygen->carbon dioxide+water

Question 28

What is incomplete combustion?

Answer 28

When the supply of oxygen is poor

Question 29

What happens in incomplete combustion?

Answer 29

Water is still produced, but carbon monoxide and soot are released instead of carbon dioxide

Question 30

What is the general formula for incomplete combustion?

Answer 30

Hydrocarbon+water->carbon monoxide+soot

Question 31

Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?(5)

Answer 31

Colourless Odourless Tasteless Dense - sinks to floor Near to where people sleep

Question 32

Why is carbon monoxide toxic?

Answer 32

Binds with haemoglobin Stops oxygen binding Stops respiration Eventually become unconscious and die

Question 33

What is acid rain?

Answer 33

Rain with a pH of less than 5.2

Question 34

How is acid rain produced? (4)

Answer 34

1. Burning fossil fuels 2. Sulfur impurities 3. Acidic gas 4. Rain

Question 35

What are the positives of hydrogen?(3)

Answer 35

Very clean Only waste product is water Renewable

Question 36

What are the negatives of hydrogen?(4)

Answer 36

Specific, expensive engine Manufacture uses energy from another source Hard to store Not widely available

Question 37

What is cracking?

Answer 37

The breaking down of larger saturated hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful ones, some of which are unsaturated

Question 38

What is used in cracking?

Answer 38

Heat and catalyst

Question 39

Why does cracking need lots of energy?

Answer 39

It involves breaking strong covalent bonds

Question 40

What was earth like in the beginning?

Answer 40

Covered in volcanoes

Question 41

What were the main gases in the beginning of earth? (5)

Answer 41

``` Carbon dioxide Water vapour Ammonia Methane Nitrogen ```

Question 42

What is earth like now?

Answer 42

Ocean on the surface

Question 43

What are the main gases on earth now?

Answer 43

Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water vapour

Question 44

What percentage of nitrogen is in the earth now?

Answer 44

78%

Question 45

What percentage of oxygen is in the earth now?

Answer 45

21%

Question 46

What percentage of carbon dioxide is in the earth now?

Answer 46

0.04%

Question 47

What percentage of other gases are in the earth now?

Answer 47

0.96%

Question 48

What are the 4 stages of life forming?

Answer 48

Hot rocks Earth cooled Vapour condensed/CO2 dissolved Photosynthesis

Question 49

What are the greenhouse gases?

Answer 49

Carbon dioxide Methane Water vapour

Question 50

What is global warming?

Answer 50

Rise in average global temperature

Question 51

What are the 5 stages of global warming?

Answer 51

1. Earth radiates some of the heat energy as infrared 2. Some of it is absorbed by the gases 3. Some is reflected back to Earth 4. Some is re-emitted back into space 5. Greenhouse effect

Question 52

What is climate change?

Answer 52

Changes to average weather conditions

Question 53

What are the 5 causes of climate change?

Answer 53

Intensive livestock farming Burning fossil fuels Deforestation Intensive rice paddy farming More population

Question 54

What are the effects of climate change?(5)

Answer 54

Extinction Sea levels rise Destroyed coral reef Droughts Extreme weather