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Chemistry > Fuels and Earth Science > Flashcards

Fuels and Earth Science Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the different fossil fuels

A

coal
crude oil
natural gas

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2
Q

what are fossil fuels

A

non-renewable resources

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3
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only

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4
Q

what is crude oil an important source of

A

fuels for vehicles, aircraft, ships, heating and power stations

feedstock or raw materials for the petrochemical industry

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5
Q

what is fuel

A

a substance that produces heat energy when it burns

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6
Q

why should we use biodiesel rather than petrol and diesel

A

saves fossil fuels
it is made from crops like sugarcane which are renewable
biodiesel is almost carbon neutral

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7
Q

what does the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons produce

A

carbon(soot)
carbon monoxide
water

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8
Q

what two gases cause acid rain

A

sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide

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9
Q

what are the renewable sources of energy

A

solar power, tidal power, wind power, geothermal power

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10
Q

why can using only renewable sources of energy cause problems in the supply of electricity

A

many renewable energy supplies cannot generate electricity all the time and some energy supplies are unreliable/unpredictable

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11
Q

how is crude oil separated into simples, more useful mixtures

A

by fractional distillation because the different hydrocarbons in crude oil have different boiling points

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12
Q

what is a fraction

A

a group of molecules with similar boiling points and similar numbers of carbon and hydrogen atoms

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13
Q

how does fractional distillation work

A

crude oil is heated strongly to evaporate it, and the hot vapours are piped into the bottom of the column. The vapours rise through the column and cool down. Liquids of different boiling points condense at different temperatures and are piped away. Bitumen has the highest boiling point and leaves at the bottom as a hot liquid

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14
Q

what are the uses of petrol

A

it is used as fuel for cars

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15
Q

what is the use of kerosene

A

it is used as fuel for aircraft

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16
Q

what is the use of diesel oil

A

fuel for some cars and trains

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17
Q

what is the use of fuel oil

A

fuel for large ships and in some power stations

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18
Q

what is the use of bitumen

A

used to surface roads and roofs

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19
Q

why is a range boiling points given for each fraction

A

each fraction is a mixture of compounds
each compond has a different boiling point

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20
Q

how can you conclude that each fraction is a mixture of compounds and not a single compound

A

the fraction boils over a range of temperatures

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21
Q

what are the properties of the smaller hydrocarbon molecules

A

lower boiling point
low viscosity (flow easily)
easier to ignite

22
Q

what is the test for carbon dioxide

A

bubble the gas into limewater and the limewater turns cloudy

23
Q

what is the chemical test for water

A

add water to anhydrous copper sulfate and it goes from white to blue

24
Q

what is the physical test for water

A

measure the boiling point of water, pure water boils at 100 degrees

25
Q

what is carbon monoxide dangerous

A

it combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing oxygen from binding with haemoglobin. This reduces the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream causing affected people to become unconscious or even die

26
Q

how is sulfur dioxide produced

A

it is formed when hydrocarbon fuels containing sulfur are burned. When the fuel is burnt, the sulfur reacts in the air to produce sulfur dioxide.

27
Q

how are oxides of nitrogen produced

A

when fuels are burned in engines, nitrogen and oxygen in the air inside the engine react together due to the high temperatures in the engine producing different oxides of nitrogen.

28
Q

what does acid rain do

A

it kills crops, makes rivers acidic and kills fish, weathers structures made of limestone and marble, corrodes metal structures and weakens them

29
Q

what are the benefits of using hydrogen to fuel cars

A

the combustion of hydrogen only produces water

hydrogen is easily ignited and its combustion releases large amounts of energy

30
Q

what are the negatives of using hydrogen to fuel cars

A

hydrogen is a gas at room temperature which makes it difficult to store in large amounts and so it has to be compressed under high pressure

there could be a risk of an explosion since hydrogen is highly flammable

it is expensive to produce hydrogen from water by electrolysis

31
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

32
Q

are alkanes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

saturated

33
Q

What happens in cracking

A

the large alkane is heated to evaporate it. The vapours are then passed over a catalyst of aluminium oxide and heated to about 650 degrees. The alkane is thermally decomposed and smaller, more useful hydrocarbons form and these could be used as fuels or for making polymers

34
Q

why do we do cracking

A

it produces smaller alkanes which are better fuels as they are easier to ignite
it produces alkenes which are needed to make polymers
it produces smaller, more useful products

35
Q

what can cracking produce

A

alkane + alkene

OR

2 alkenes + H2

36
Q

what is the catalyst used in cracking

A

broken porcelain / aluminium oxide

37
Q

what are the conditions needed for cracking

A

high temperature and a catalyst

38
Q

Saturated

A

molecules are saturated if all the carbon-carbon covalent bonds are single bonds

39
Q

what are the first 5 alkanes

A

methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane

40
Q

why do alkanes have low boiling points

A

They have a simple molecular structure. They are made up of small molecules with weak forces between molecules and not much energy is needed to break these weak intermolecular forces.

41
Q

what are the characteristics of a homologous series

A

they have the same general formula
they have similar chemical properties
they differ by CH2 in molecular formulae from neighbouring compounds

42
Q

isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

43
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n (n>2)

44
Q

are alkenes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

unsaturated as the contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond

45
Q

what are the first 5 alkenes

A

ethene
propene
butene
pentene
hexene

46
Q

what happens in addition reactions

A

a molecule adds across the carbon-carbon double bond to give a single saturated product

47
Q

why do all addition reactions have an atom economy of 100%

A

only 1 product is formed

48
Q

what is the test for an alkene

A

add bromine water to the compound and shake. It goes from orange to colourless however an alkane would remain orange

49
Q

what is PTFE/teflon used for

A

to make non stick coatings for frying pans and kitchen utensils, burette taps and stain proofing clothing and carpets

50
Q

what are the advantages of polymers(plastics)

A

they are resistant to corrosion
they are good insulators
they can be moulded
they are lighter than other materials

51
Q

what are the problems caused by non-biodegradable polymers

A

toxic gases are produced when polymers are burned
there is a shortage of landfill sites
there is a danger to wildlife
it causes litter/visual pollution

Chemistry (21 decks)

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