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Chemistry > Fuels And Earth Science > Flashcards

Fuels And Earth Science Flashcards

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1
Q

How is crude oil separated into different hydrocarbon fractions

A

Fractional distillation

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2
Q

How is crude oil formed

A

Underground, over millions of years at high temperatures and pressure from the buried remains of plants and animals

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3
Q

What is crude oil

A

A complex mixture of lots of different hydrocarbons, containing molecules in which carbon atoms are in chains or rings an important source of useful substances

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4
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

Compounds which just contains hydrogen and carbon

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5
Q

What are hydrocarbons mostly

A

Alkanes

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6
Q

What are fractions

A

Simpler more useful mixtures containing groups of hydrocarbons of similar length

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7
Q

What are the 3 non-renewable fractions made from crude oil

A

Petrol, diesel, kerosene

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8
Q

How is fractional distillation done

A

The oil is heated until most of has turned to gas, the gas enters and fractionating column and the liquid is drained off

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9
Q

What hydrocarbons have higher boiling points

A

Longer hydrocarbons

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10
Q

What do shorter hydrocarbons have

A

Lower boiling points

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11
Q

What does the fractionating column have

A

A temperature gradient

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12
Q

What are all the fractions made by crude oil

A

Kerosene, petrol, bitumen, diesel, gases, fuel oil

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13
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of molecules which have the same general formula and share similar chemical properties

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14
Q

What are the two different homologous series of Hyde

A

Alkanes and alkenes

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15
Q

What does the sis sod a hydrocarbon determine

A

It’s properties

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16
Q

What are the physical properties determined by

A

The intermolecular forces that hold the chains together

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17
Q

Why do hydrocarbons make good fuels

A

Because the combustion reactions that happen when you burn them in oxygen give out lots of energy - exothermic

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18
Q

When does incomplete combustion happen

A

When a hydrocarbon burns in a limited supply of oxygen

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19
Q

Complete combustion word equation

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen — carbon dioxide + water

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20
Q

Complete combustion symbol equation

A

C(3)H(8) + 5O(2) — 3CO(2) + 4H(2)O

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21
Q

What does incomplete combustion produce

A

Toxic carbon monoxide and soot

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22
Q

What does carbon monoxide do

A

Combine with red blood cells and stop your blood fro, doing it’s proper job of carrying oxygen around the body

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23
Q

What is the formula for alkanes

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

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24
Q

What does sulfur dioxide cause

A

Acid rain

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25
Q

What does acid rain do

A

Kills tress, damages limestone buildings and stone statues, makes metal corrode

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26
Q

Pros of hydrogen

A

Very clean fuel, renewable resource

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27
Q

Cons of hydrogen

A

You need a special expensive engine, hard to store

28
Q

What does cracking do

A

Turns long saturated (alkane) molecules into smaller unsaturated (alkene) molecules

29
Q

What is thermal decomposition

A

When one substance breaks down into at least 2 new ones when you heat it

30
Q

What does cracking produce lots of

A

Alkene molecules

31
Q

What is the catalyst used for cracking

A

Aluminium oxide

32
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A family of molecules which have the same general formula and share similar chem properties

33
Q

What happens in the complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels

A

Carbon dioxide and water are produced and energy is given out

34
Q

What are gases used for

A

Domestic heating and cooking

35
Q

What is kerosene used for

A

Fuel for aircraft

36
Q

What is diesel oil used for

A

Fuel for some cars and trains

37
Q

What is fuel oil used for

A

Fuel for Large ships and in some power stations

38
Q

What is bitumen used for

A

To surface roads and roofs

39
Q

What are the 4 ways hydrocarbons in different fractions differ from each other

A

The number of carbon and hydrogen atoms their molecules contain, boiling points, ease of ignition, viscosity

40
Q

Why do big molecules have higher boiling points than small molecules

A

The intermolecular forces of attraction break a lot more easily in small molecules than in bigger molecules - the forces are much stronger between big molecules

41
Q

Why are shorter carbons easy to ignite

A

Because they have lower boiling points so tend to be gases as room temp, these gas molecules mix with oxygen in the air to produce a gas mixture which bursts into flames if it comes into contact with a spark

42
Q

What fractions have a higher viscosity

A

Fractions containing longer hydrocarbons

43
Q

When does incomplete combustion happen

A

When a hydrocarbon burns in a limited supply of oxygen

44
Q

How does carbon monoxide behave as a toxic gas

A

It can combine with red blood cells and stop your blood from doing its job of carrying oxygen around the body, a lack of oxygen in the blood supply to the brain can lead to fainting, a coma or death

45
Q

What does incomplete combustion produce

A

Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, carbon(soot)

46
Q

What does soot do

A

Makes buildings look dirty, reduces air quality and can cause or worsen respiratory problems

47
Q

Where does sulfur dioxide come from

A

Sulfur impurities in the fossil fuels

48
Q

How is sulfuric acid formed

A

When sulfur dioxide mixes with clouds it formed dilute sulfuric acid which falls as acid rain

49
Q

What does acid rain do

A

Causes lakes to become acidic and many plants and animals die as a result, it kills trees, damages limestone buildings and stone statutes and can make metal corrode

50
Q

How are nitrogen oxides produced

A

Created from a reaction between oxygen in thr air and nitrogen, caused by the energy released by combustion reactions, for example, in the internal combustion engines of cada

51
Q

What do nitrogen oxides contribute to

A

Acid rain and can cause photochemical smog

52
Q

Advantages of using hydrogen instead of petrol as fuels for cars

A

Very clean, only waste product is water - no nasty pollutants, obtained from water which is renewable source

53
Q

DisAdvantages of using hydrogen instead of petrol as fuels for cars

A

U need a special expensive engine, hydrogen gas also needs to be manufactured which is expensive and often uses energy from o another source - burning fossil fuels which produces pollutants, hard to store and not widely available

54
Q

What is methane and where’s it found

A

Non renewable fossil fuel found in natural gas

55
Q

Why are a lot of the longer molecules produced from fractional distillation are cracked into smaller ones

A

There’s more demand for products like petrol and diesel than for bitumen and fuel oil

56
Q

Why is cracking useful

A

It helps to match the supply of fractions with the demand for them.

57
Q

How was the early atmosphere formed

A

By the gases produced from volcanic activity

58
Q

What was the earths early atmosphere thought to contain

A

Very little oxygen, water vapour, large amount of carbon dioxide, small amount of other gases

59
Q

How were oceans formed in the early atmosphere

A

Condensation of water vapour

60
Q

Why did the amount of co2 in the atmosphere decrease when oceans formed

A

It dissolves readily in water. As the oceans formed, carbon dioxide dissolved to form soluble carbonate compounds so its amount in the atmosphere decreased. Carbonate compounds were then precipitated as sedimentary rocks, eg limestone.

61
Q

How did the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere gradual increase

A

The growth of primitive plants used carbon dioxide and released o2 by photosynthesis so amount of o2 increased

62
Q

How do u test for o2

A

If a glowing splint relights

63
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

Various gases in the atmosphere including carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour absorb heat radiated from the earth subsequently releasing energy which keeps the earth hot

64
Q

How is methane increasing

A

Methane is produced in the digestive processes of certain livestock e.g. cattle, goats and camels

65
Q

How is the amount of co2 going up

A

Human population is increasing so there are more people respiring giving out more co2
And burning fossil fuels gives off lots of co2

66
Q

What are the effects of global warming

A

Changing rainfall patterns, Severe flooding due to polar icecaps melting

Chemistry (8 decks)

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