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Chemistry C1 > Fuels > Flashcards

Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the trends in the fractional distillation column

A

The shorter the molecules the more flammable
The longer the molecule the less viscous
The shorter the molecule the lower temperature itcondenses at

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2
Q

What is the order of the fractional distillation column from the top down

A 
Gases 
Petrol
Naphtha 
Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel oil
Bitumen
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3
Q

What is complete combustion

A

When there’s enough oxygen a hydrocarbon and water are burned to produce carbon dioxide and water
It will burn with a blue flame
The hydrogen and carbon have been oxidised
It happens in gas heaters and the waste products are relatively harmless but lots of energy is released

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4
Q

Methane + oxygen

A

Carbon dioxide and water

CH4 + 2O2 -> 2H2O + CO2

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5
Q

What is incomplete combustion

A

When there is not enough oxygen hydrocarbon and oxygen will burn to produce carbon dioxide carbon carbon monoxide and water
It will burn with a yellow flame

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6
Q

What Is bad about carbon

A

It is soot and leaves behind black sooty marks in the pipes or fire

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7
Q

What is bad about carbon monoxide

A

It is a colourless odourless and toxic gas because it replaces the oxygen in the red blood cells causing carbon monoxide poisoning
S

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8
Q

4CH4 + 6O2 ->

A

C + 2CO + CO2 + 8H2O

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9
Q

What makes the best fuel

A

Easily ignitable
High energy value
Little ash and smoke
Easily stored and transported

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10
Q

What are the negatives of power stations

A

They burn huge amounts of fossil fuels to create energy
Carbon dioxide and water vapour are released into the atmosphere
Sulphur dioxide is also put into the air
If there’s not enough oxygen soot and carbon monoxide can be released

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11
Q

What is bad about sulfur dioxide

A

If reacts with clouds to form sulphuric acid which falls as acid rain

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12
Q

What impact does acid rain have

A

This causes lakes to become acidic and cause cause plant and animal deaths
It kills trees and damages limestone buildings and statues

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13
Q

How can we prevent acid rain

A

Sulfur can be removed from fuels before they’re burnt
But it costs more and takes more energy

Power stations use acid gas scrubbers to take the harmful gases out before releasing their fumes into the atmosphere eg limestone neutralises the sulfur dioxide
Most cars have catalytic converters
We can reduce the amount of fossil fuels we burn

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14
Q

What effect does carbon dioxide have on the earth

A

Gases in the atmosphere form an insulating layer around the earth
They absorb the heat that comes from the sun and would usually be sent back out in to space and then reradiate it back to the earth trapping in the heat causing the earth to warm up

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15
Q

How does human activity effect carbon dioxide levels

A

Deforestation
Carbon dioxide is released when the trees are burned to create land
Microorganisms feed on the dead wood and release CO2
Less CO2 is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis

Burning fossil fuels releases locked up carbon into the atmosphere

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16
Q

What is iron seeding

A

Iron is needed by plants for photosynthesis so injecting iron into the upper ocean promotes the growth of phytoplankton
The blooms absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis
But when the plankton die microorganisms decompose them and use up all of the oxygen which creates dead zones in the ocean

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17
Q

What is biogas

A

Microorganisms are used to decompose living organisms waste or dead plants to create biogas

18
Q

What are the uses of biogas

A

It can be burned to heat water or used in central heating systems or can power a turbine used to generate electricity or can be used as fuel for cars and buses

19
Q

What are the advantages of biogas

A

It is renewables so won’t run out the plants which are grown can be easily replaced

It’s carbon neutral because the plants used took in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis when alive

It doesn’t cause acid rain and is quite clean

The raw materials used are cheap and readily available

20
Q

How is alcohol used as a fuel

A

It burns to give just co2 and water
It is produced by fermentation of sugar cane or sugar beet
Cars can be adapted to run on 10% ethanol and 90% petrol which is called gasohol

21
Q

What are the positives of using ethanol as a fuel

A

Less crude oil is being used up

The crops needed absorb co2 so it is carbon neutral

22
Q

What are the bad things about using ethanol as a fuel

A

The crops take up lots of space that could be used to grow foods

The ethanol must be distilled after fermentation which takes up lots of energy

23
Q

What is a fuel cell

A

An electrical cell that is supplied with a fuel and oxygen and uses the energy produced to generate electricity

24
Q

What are the advantages of hydrogen oxygen fuel cells

A

They’re much more efficient than power stations or batteries
No turbines or generators are needed
There are less stages for energy to be lost through heat
There are no moving parts so energy isn’t lost through friction
There’s no bad pollutants the only waste products are water and heat

25
Q

Why can we not depend on hydrogen oxygen fuel cells

A

Hydrogen is a gas so it takes up lots of space to store
It is very explosive so difficult to store safely
The production of hydrogen usually uses the burning or crude oil or fossil fuels

26
Q

Mass of fuel burned =

A

Initial mass of fuel and burner - final mass of fuel and burner

27
Q

What is the calorimetric experiment

A

Heating water by burning a fossil fuel
You measure how much fuel is burned and the temperature change of the water to work out how much energy is supplied by each gram of fuel
By comparing the effects of different fuels you can work out the energy content

28
Q

What are alkanes

A

They’re made up of chains of carbon atoms with single bonds between them
There are no spare bonds
When reacting with bromine water it stays brown because there are no spare bonds

29
Q

What are the Frist three alkanes

A

Methane CH4

Ethane C2H6

Propane C3H8

30
Q

What are Alkenes

A

They are chains of hydrocarbons with one or more double bond
They’re unsaturated hydrocarbons
When in bromine water it will turn colourless because bonds are formed with the bromine atoms
They form polymers

31
Q

What are the first two alkenes

A

Ethene c2h4

Propene c3h6

32
Q

What is cracking

A

Long chain hydrocarbons are heated and split up into shorter chain ones
It is a form of thermal decomposition
There’s more demand for short chain hydrocarbons and cracking produces alkenes which is needed for making plastics

33
Q

How does cracking happen

A

Vaporised hydrocarbons are passed over s powdered catalyst such as porcelain at about 400-700c
The Bunsen is used to heat the mineral wool soaked in paraffin
The heating paraffin vapour cracks as it passes over the heated porcelain
Smaller alkanes and alkenes travel down the delivery tube
The gas in the gas jar contain alkenes because it decolourises bromine water

34
Q

How are alkenes used to make polymers

A

Lots of monomers are joined together using pressure and a catalyst to form polymers
Eg
Many single Ethenes are joined to form polyethene the double bonds are opened up

35
Q

What are the uses of polyethene

A

It is stretchy and light so is used for plastic bags and hose pipes

36
Q

What is polypropene used for

A

It is tough but flexible so can be used for thermal underwear carpets and plastic containers

37
Q

What is polychlorothene used for

A

Known as pvc

It is flexible and resistant to wear so is used for clothing electrical cables and pipes

38
Q

What are the uses of polytetrafluorothene

A

It’s unreactive and flame resistant and resistant to wear so used as s nonstick costing for pans

39
Q

Why are plastics hard to get rid of

A

They’re non biodegradable so don’t rot in landfill
They release toxic gases when burned
Recycling is expensive and difficult but the best option

40
Q

Why are biodegradable polymers useful

A

Some polythene bags are made with starch granules so they are broken down by microorganisms
Some plastics break down in sunlight

Chemistry C1 (5 decks)

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