fuck this shit Flashcards
name some products for algae aquaculture
human food, aquaculture feed, health supplements, phycocolloids (agar, etc), biotechnology (biofuels)
name 5 of the 8 major eaten species of seaweeds
Aloria Ascophyllum Fucus Laminaria/Saccharina Macrocystis Pelyetia Chondrus Palmaria
how can seaweeds be used for food for plants?
manure, mulch, general soil conditioner. seaweed extracts are used extensively as plant growth supplements.
what type of seaweeds are extracts taken from primarily for horticulture?
Laminariales and fucales
what are some benefits to seaweed extracts in horticulture?
increase in crop yields, improve growth, increase plant resistance to frost, fungal and insect attack, reducing pest infestations. reduce storage loss in fruit, increase inorganic nutrient uptake from the soil.
Name three types of plant growth substances indentified in seaweed extracts of laminariales and fucales
- Auxins (cell growth, adventitious roots, apical dominance)
- Betaines (slows degradation of chlorophyll, antistressor)
- Cytokinins (apical dominance, shoot growth, fruit development)
what percentage is seaweed for global marine cash culture?
45.9%
name some seaweed species that have medicinal benefits, and why
Rhodophyta- antihelminthic
Dumontiaceae - antiviral treatment
Corallina - bone replacement
blood pressure, tuberculossis, arthritis, libido
What are the two main products for Microalgae culture?
1) Nutraccuticals: carotenoids (anti-oxidants)
2) Aquaculture feed (shellfish and marine fish hatcheries) : fatty acids.
mostly chlorophyta and cyanophyta.
what is the type of seaweed cultured the most globally? by what percentage?
Phaeophyta, 66.8% (93% Saccharina)
why biofuels? (writing assignment)
algae=worlds most efficient photosynthesizing plant. single cell duplicating itself and storing energy in the form of oil. sometimes 80% oil/biomass ratio. pale green algae so that light can penetrate deeper to more organisms.
what species has been harvested most to weight?
Saccharina
what species has been harvested to most per value?
Saccharina
Name some phyla that are harvested for microalgae culture
Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Prasinophyta, Prymnesiophyta, Bacillariophyta
Name four genus that are commonly harvested for microalgae culture
Spirulina, Chorella, Dunaliella, Haematococcus.
Name some properties of carrageenans
-bind moisture, stabilize emulsions, control flow and texture properties of food systems, high protein reactivity (strong interactions with milk proteins)
Name some applications of carrageenans:
frozen dessert stabilizers, chocolate milk stabelizer, texturizers for low-fat foods, toothpaste binders, air freshener gels, personal care products, pet foods
name 5 representative carrageenophytes
- chondrus
- chondracanthes
- Mazzaella
- Gymnogongrus
- Mastocarpus
- Furcellaria
- Hypnea
- Eucheuma
- Kappaphycus
Name 5 representative agarophytes
-Gelidium, Gelidiella, Pterocladia, Acanthopeltis, Gracialaria, Ahnfeltia
Name 10 important characteristics of Agar
- great gelling power
- a simple water solution
- Can be used over a wide range of pH
- Can withstand thermal treatment
- gels between 32-43C and melts above 85C
- no flavor to its gels
- enhances flavors, fragrance fixer
- has a great reversibility
- easily coloured
- very stable
name three principle uses of agar
food, microbiological plating medium, agarose gels
name five important characteristics of alginates
- produced in various grades
- react to many cations to form gels that wont melt when heated
- water soluable films made from alginate are impervious to grease, fats, waxes, but allow water to pass
- water-insoluable films can also be made
- ion exchange can occur between cations
7 principle uses of alginates
- textile printin
- food
- paper
- welding rods
- pharmaceuticals
- immobilized biocatalysts
- medical dressings
name the five main aquaculture countries
China, Indo, Phillipines, Korea, Japan
Microalgae culture is mainly found where?
Asia (85%), Australia (10%), China (Spirulina, 91%)
name 5 seaweed culture methods
1- Natural substrate (more enhancement) (extensive) 2- Long line (semi-intensive) 3- net (semi-intensive) 4- salt pond (semi-intensive) 5- tank (intensive)
what is the classic method of kelp cultivation in the orient?
Rocks, sticks and ropes set out for wild settlement
how can sexual reproduction be induced for kelp?
controlled photoperiod, spectrum, intensity, temperature, water chem
name the 4 steps to growing seaweed
- partially dry sporangia, place in s/w
- zoospores attach to seedling strings
- gametophytes and sporophytes on land (8-10C)
- young sporophytes transferred to sea.
what are the growth expectations for kelp aquaculture?
10 cm to 3m in 4-5 months
when is sexual reproduction induced for kelp aquaculture?
fall
how long are young sporophytes cultured? what is done afterwards? kelp aquaculture
until 1 cm, then wound on rope lines
what is the japanese name for the bamboo branches used for nori production?
hibi
what life cycle did Kathleen Drew Baker discover?
conchocelis diploid phase.
what phase are the carpospores germinated to, on what medium, and until when?
Carpospores are germinated to the CONCHOCELIS phase in sterile oyster and scallop shells. They are MAINTAINED in ideal conditions until NEEDED.
what are three types of porphyra net rafts?
fixed pillar, semi-floating and floating
what is the general outlook on the supply/demand for Agar production? What is the solution?
Demand exceeds supply. tropical small scale aquaculture
what dominates for Carrageenan production?
aquaculture now dominates over wild harvest
what species is most commonly harvested for carrageenans?
Gracialaria
What are 7 problems with seaweed culture?
- disease
- fouling
- herbivorous pests
- extreme temperature/light
- hurricanes
- ice
- people
name the five canadian provinces that do seaweed farming, and what they’re known for.
NL: nori species and kelp NS: carrageenan production NB: integrated aquaculture, kelp beds PE: shellfish priority BC: optimal for all comm. species.
what are the three types of microalgae culture techniques? where do they occur (what type of medium), what type of density?
1- extensive culture: low density, earthen ponds, salt lakes
2-Semi intensive culture: low density, concrete circular ponds, raceways
3- intensive culture: high density, bag culture, bioreactors
what is the most expensive micro algae production?
live feed, in bags.
explain integrated aquaculture
shell/finfish expell feces (nutrients), seaweeds absorb, the result is a balanced mix of species
name some types of polyculture
shrimp+carp in rice fields
ducks+fish+crayfish
algae in wastewater from agriculture farms
AQUAPONICS/HYDROPONICS: tilpia w aquatic plants and veggies
a negative for polyculture?
can lead to overall reduced yeilds for ea. product
what are the four species used in Kyuquot, BC for intregrated aquaculture?
sablefish+mussels+scallops+Sea cucumbers+kelps
what does IMTA stand for?
Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture
four problems for IMTA
social acceptability
logistics
incompatible production rates fish vs seaweed
disease
