FRUITS Flashcards
Dramatic changes in the flower occur after
the union of gametes
results in the embryonic plant
fertilization of the egg
stores food for the embryonic plant and becomes the seed
ovule
becomes mature and changes to the fruit
ovary
develop mechanisms to facilitate seed dispersal
fruits
fruit wall thick and can be differentiated into three layers
pericarp
pericarp three layers
exocarp (outer layer), the mesocarp (the middle layer) and the endocarp (inner layer.)
Fruits can be classified based on its origin:
- Simple fruits
- Aggregate fruits
- Multiple fruits
is derived from a single ovary (consisting of one or several fused carpels) of one flower (ex. Banana)
Simple fruits
originates from one flower with many ovaries (ex. Sugarapple (“atis”))
Aggregate fruits
different types of simple fruits can be further classified according to the texture of the mature pericarp or the fruit wall
A. Fleshy fruits
B. Dry fruits
several flowers of an inflorescence crowded together on one stem (ex. Pineapple)
Multiple fruits
characterized by a dry pericarp at maturity. It can either be dehiscent or indehiscent.
dry fruits
a pulpy fruit throughout from one or more carpels that develops few to many seeds.
Berry
Fleshy fruits
characterized by a succulent fruit wall.
Fleshy fruits
a fruit from several carpels with inner pulp juice sacs or vesicles enclosed in leathery rind.
Hesperidium
Fleshy fruits
the pericarp is thick and the rind is hard.
Pepo
Fleshy fruits
one-seeded fruit with the pericarp distinctly divided into thin skin-like exocarp, thick fleshy mesocarp and hard, stony endocarp.
Drupe
Fleshy fruits
fleshy part of the fruit develops from the receptacle of the flower. It is usually characterized by a papery pericarp.
Pome
Fleshy fruits
Dry fruits classification
dehiscent or indehiscent.
fruit splits open along definite seams at maturity and may contain several seeds
Dehiscent fruits
has one carpel and splits along two seams.
Dehiscent fruits
Legume/ pod
has one carpel and splits along one seam.
Dehiscent fruits
Follicle
fruit of two or more united carpels and splits in a variety of ways.
Dehiscent fruits
Capsule
fruit of two fused carpels that separate, leaving a persistent wall between them.
Dehiscent fruits
Silique
do not open along definite seams or points when mature. These usually contain only one or two seeds. Some types of indehiscent fruits are:
Indehiscent fruits
one seed can be separated from the ovary wall except at point of attachment to the inside of the pericarp.
Achene
one seeded the coat of which is completely fused to the inner surface of the pericarp.
Caryopsis/ Grain
an achene-like fruit with wing-like outgrowth.
Samara
one seeded fruit similar to achene but with a very hard and thick pericarp.
Nut
Some fruits may develop from floral parts other than the ovary. These parts are often fused to the ovary and are so well developed that they constitute the major part of the fruit.
true
the arrangement of ovules on the placenta
placentation
placentation
- Axile
- Parietal
- Free-central
- Marginal
- Basal
ovules are attached to a central axis in compartmentalized ovary.
- Axile
ovules are found along the walls of a uniloculate ovary. (Ex: Papaya)
- Parietal
ovules are attached to a central axis of a uniloculate ovary
- Free-central
There is only one elongated placenta on one side of the ovary, as ovules are attached at the fusion line of the carpel’s margins
- Marginal
The placenta is at the base (bottom) of the ovary
- Basal
one sperm fertilizes egg to make zygote; other fertilizes polar bodies to make 3N endosperm (used for food)
double fertilization
