Frued Flashcards
1
Q
concerns of personality researchers
A
- human nature
- individual differences
- the organisation of ‘bits’ of people - i.e., goals, moods, actions, thoughts that give coherence to peoples lives
- ‘salient’ factors and reputation
- psychology - i.e., anything to do with individual and their psyches
2
Q
structural model - tripartite model
A
- id - pleasure principle
- ego - reality principle
- superego - perfectionist principle, conscience and the ideal self
3
Q
topographical model
A
- conscious - things we are aware of
- pre-conscious - we have access to it but not in our immediate conscious
- unconscious - things in our memory that are difficult or impossible to access
4
Q
energy
A
- cannot be created or destroyed - only expressed, blocked, delayed or modified
- stems from instincts - states of excitement (tensions), located at various centres in the body, according to one’s stage of development
5
Q
inherited instincts
A
- life instinct (energy=eros)
1) ego instinct - self-preservation aim
2) sexual instinct (energy=libido) - species preservation aim - death instinct (energy=thanatos)
6
Q
the root of the problem
A
- trauma - occurs when instinct expression is (or threatens to be) harmful to the self
- anxiety - reminders of previous trauma are threatening
- the source, experience, and consequences of anxiety can all be UCS
7
Q
defence mechanisms
A
- repression
- denial
- rationalisation
- projection
- displacement
- altruism
8
Q
repression
A
- primary repression:
1) unwanted material turned away before reaching awareness
2) leaks into consciousness in disguised ways - after-expulsion/repression proper:
1) unwanted material notices in consciousness and got rid of - repression plus other defences are ranked from ‘mature’ and ‘adaptive’ to ‘pathological’
9
Q
Freudian denial
A
- engaging in a potentially ego-threatening behaviour without conscious awareness of doing so:
1) no threat experienced
2) honest denial of behaviour
10
Q
splitting and projection
A
- threatening thoughts and feelings material are “split” from the ego and seen as located in and coming from “bad” people
11
Q
freudian rationalisation
A
- real but ego-threatening reasons for action are not recognised and are replaced by apparently rational (therefore ego-enhancing) ones
12
Q
freudian displacement
A
- desires that are ego-threatening are not recognised and re-directed to less threatening targets
13
Q
altruism
A
- when used as a defence mechanism, people seek “pleasure from giving to others what people would themselves like to receive”, especially the comfort of security
14
Q
healthy and neurotic altruism
A
- pseudoaltruism:
1) aggressive (sadomasochistic) drives from ‘scary’ feelings (e.g., envy, inadequacy) and/or a harsh superego result in defensive altruism - psychotic altruism:
1) anxieties promote neurotic drives to (often delusional) self-perceptions of serving others - protoaltruism:
1) instinctive, biological e.g., parental nurturing - generative altruism:
1) non-defensive taking pleasure in helping and/or enjoying others’ improved welfare - conflicted altruism:
1) altruism which is both generative and a defence against anxiety
15
Q
altruism in TMT
A
- in terror management theory (TMT), the ego-threat of morality awareness can trigger anxiety coped with by ‘being a good member of a good society’, e.g., engaging in culturally valued charitable giving
16
Q
psychosexual stages of childhood development
A
- different areas of the body are important at different stages
- these are the erogenous zones; primary sites of energy and instinct satisfaction or frustration, leading to pleasure or pain (e.g., pain, anxiety, frustration)
17
Q
oral stage (0-1)
A
- initially ‘all id’
- erogenous zone = mouth - sucking, feeling, tasting, biting
- mother as original ‘love object’
- key task = weaning
- a key lesson = trust in self and world
18
Q
anal stage (1-3)
A
- erogenous zone = anus - passing or withholding (even playing) faeces
- parents as key sources of pleasure or pain in response to the infant’s actions
- key task = toilet training
- key lesson = control
19
Q
phallic stage (3-5)
A
- erogenous zone = genitals - physical and intellectual stimulation
- the original ‘love triangle’
- key task = resolution of the oedipal complex
- key lesson = sexual and gender orientation
20
Q
oedipal complex
A
- increasing respect for father as provider and defender and increasing resentment of fathers relationship with mother
- same-sex parent becomes seen as aggressive rival (from projection) - castration anxiety among boys
- ambivalence and anxiety resolved by same-sex identification (enabling later displaced love for opposite sex partner)
21
Q
latency (6-12)
A
- repressed libidinal energy
- no special erogenous zones
- key task = social interaction outside the family
22
Q
genital stage (adolescence)
A
- erogenous zone = genitals - now genuinely sexualised
- key task = establishing family
- key lesson = identity
23
Q
crucial (but often ignored)
A
- personality and behaviour are the result of interplay between the expression and inhibition of instincts
- instincts are universal, but forms of instinct expression and inhibition vary developmentally, situationally and culturally
24
Q
personality development
A
- as a person moves through the psychological stages, social (usually parental) rewards and punishments for particular forms of instinct expression change
- if social treatment is experienced as too harsh (anxiety-evoking) or too comfortable, ‘habitual’ forms of instinct expression can get locked in an immature stage (fixation/arrested development) or returned to (regression)
25
Q
experience impacts personality
A
- the id is what it is
- the superego can be harsh (perfectionist and unforgiving) or compassionately liberal
- the ego can be squashed or supported in growth
- ultimately, its down to the ego
26
Q
ego-strength
A
- when well-adjusted, the ego can satisfy the needs of the id, the superego, and reality (resilient personality)
- if the id is too strong, wanton self-gratification rules (under-controlled)
- if the superego is too strong, the person is rigidly judgemental (over-controlled)
27
Q
oral incorporative (over-indulged)
A
- optimistic
- gullible
- “swallow anything”
- “sweet”
28
Q
oral aggressive (under-indulged)
A
- pessimistic
- suspicious
- “biting remarks”
- “bitter”
29
Q
the anal triad
A
- co-occurring traits relating to: - orderliness, obstinacy, parsimony/miserliness
30
Q
anal retentive
A
- anal retentives are ‘rigid’ (‘tight’ and ‘clenched’) and ‘over-controlled
- they tend to be stingy, punctilious, meticulous, prissy, ‘uptight’, perfectionist, inflexible, risk-averse, and rule-loving
31
Q
anal expulsive
A
- anal expulsives are ‘sadistic’ and ‘under-controlled’
- they tend towards expansiveness, messiness, vagueness, dismissiveness, carelessness, disorganisation, rebelliousness, and maybe even cruelty
32
Q
ego culture
A
- one person’s instinct expression can trigger others anxieties
- people therfore attempt to control others’ instinct expressions, thereby causing trauma
- society codifies such processes
33
Q
summary
A
- Much motivation and self-regulation occurs outside conscious awareness, much may not be subjectively accessible even with effort.
- Psychological processes occur in parallel, not in series. Parallel processes can conflict.
- Repeated or prolonged social interaction entails frustration and anxiety. Social regulation at best manages this.
- Many traits are formed in infancy.
