froud, shaw, gales Flashcards
Explain how the conduction system of the heart controls diastole (2)
- Atria/ventricles do not contract or atria/ventricles relax or atria/ventricles are filling/fill with blood
- (due to …) No (electrical) impulse/signal
(don’t accept reference to heart)
Describe two factors that performers use to work out their (daily) energy expenditure (2)
- (Basal metabolic rate/resting metabolic rate) the minimum
amount of energy/calories expended/required to sustain
essential body function at rest - (TEF) (Thermic effect of food) the energy expended/required to
digest/absorb/process food - (Physical activity energy expenditure/MET) (Physical activity energy expenditure) the energy/calories expended/required to perform tasks/(sports) activity
or
(Metabolic equivalent of task) is the working:resting metabolic
ratio/a measure of the energy expenditure of different activities
If a sports performer is suspected of suffering a concussion, the IRB’s “Recognise and Remove”
6 R’s protocol should be followed.
Complete the table to name and describe the missing stages of the 6 R’s. (2)
1 Recognis
2 Remove
3
4 Rest
5
6 Return
3 Refer - Refer immediately to a qualified health care
professional/specialist/medical attention
5 Recover - Players must be symptom free / fully recovered or 1-week adult/ 2 weeks U18’s (before seeking an
authorised return to play)
Describe the role of two respiratory muscles during expiration at rest. (2)
- Diaphragm relaxes/domes
- External intercostals relax
Explain how neural factors control heart rate at the start of exercise and during recovery. (6)
- Heart rate regulated/controlled by the autonomic nervous system/ANS
- Cardiac control centre receives information from the receptors
(Exercise – submax 3)
- Chemoreceptors detect increased (pp)CO2/acidity/lactic acid or decreased (pp)O2/pH
- proprioceptors/mechanoreceptors detect (increased) motor activity/movement
- baroreceptors detect increased blood pressure
- sympathetic nervous system to increase HR
- (Cardiac) accelerator nerve stimulated
- SA node increases firing rate/HR
(Recovery – submax 3)
- Chemoreceptors detect decreased
(pp)CO2/acidity/lactic acid or increased (pp)O2/pH
- proprioceptors/mechanoreceptors detect decreased motor activity/movement
- baroreceptors detect decreased blood pressure
- parasympathetic nervous system to decrease HR
- Vagus nerve stimulated
- SA node decreases firing rate/HR
During exercise the working muscles have an increased need for oxygen.
Assess how changes in the pressure gradient and the dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin affect oxygen diffusion at the working muscles during exercise. (6)§
(Changes in the pressure gradient: submax 4)
- Pressure Gradient is steeper/increased
- (pp)O2 in working muscles is reduced/lower
- Because the working muscles are using more O2 for aerobic respiration/energy system
Diffusion/gaseous exchange of O2 from
capillary/blood to muscle is faster/ rate
increased/more efficient
- More O2 diffuses into the muscle
(Changes in dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin: submax 4)
- The (oxy)haemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right or Bohr shift
- there is an increase in CO2/acidity/temperature or
decrease in pH
- Causing reduced affinity of haemoglobin for O2 or
causing increased dissociation of
oxyhaemoglobin/O2 from haemoglobin
or causing reduced saturation of haemoglobin with O2
- More oxygen available for diffusion to the muscle
The highest football stadium in the world is home to the Bolivian national team and stands 3,601 m above sea level.
How long before a match should a team arrive at this altitude in order to acclimatise? (1)
14 days + / 2 weeks minimum
Describe the physiological processes of acclimatisation to altitude. (2)
- Increased release (of the hormone) erythropoietin/EPO (by the kidneys)
- Increased red blood cell/RBC/erythrocyte
volume/haemoglobin - Increased capillarisation (at alveoli/muscles) or increased capacity for gaseous exchange at the alveoli/muscles
- Breathing rate/ventilation stabilise (at higher rate compared with sea level)
- Decrease in stroke volume/cardiac output/Q (compared to arrival at altitude).
- Decrease in altitude sickness/headaches/poor sleep/lack of
appetite.
Explain why a simple fracture is an example of an acute, hard tissue injury. (1)
Caused by sudden event/impact/trauma and affects bone
Describe the use of surgery to treat acute, hard tissue injuries. (4)
- (Open surgery) Incision made to open a joint to access injury
- (Realign bones) Realign fractured/dislocated bones
- (Stabilise) Use of plates/pins/rods/wires to stabilise
fractures/dislocation - Arthroscopy/keyhole surgery to access injury/small incisions/camera to access injury/be less invasive
- (Knee/Meniscus) Repair/trim/resurface meniscus/cartilage in (knee) joint
- (Shoulder/Labrum) Used to repair Bankart lesion/damaged
labrum/cartilage in shoulder/treat repeated shoulder dislocations
Outline the main function of the following components of a healthy diet: (2)
- Fibre
- The essential mineral iron
- (fibre) (promotes) normal function of the (large) intestine/ bowel or aids digestion or decreases constipation
- (Iron) component of haemoglobin/ Hb/myoglobin or red blood cell/ RBC formation
Which two treatments will reduce pain from exercise-induced muscle damage? (2)
A Cold therapy
B Immobilisation, using a splint
C Massage
D Surgery
A Cold therapy
C Massage
Explain the roles of the sternocleidomastoid and the internal intercostal muscles in the mechanics of breathing. (6)
(Both muscles)
- Recruited during exercise/ active inspiration/ expiration/ breathing or passive/ no role at rest or pressure
gradient increased between atmospheric air and lung air pressure (or visa versa)
(Sternocleidomastoid muscle)
- lift the rib cage/ sternum further up and out than at rest
- Increases the volume of the thoracic/ chest/ lung cavity further than at rest
- Reduces pressure in the thoracic/ chest/ lung cavity more than at rest or lung air pressure decreased further than at rest
- More air inspired than at rest or increases breathing depth or increases tidal volume
(Internal intercostal muscle)
- to pull the rib cage/ sternum further/ faster in and down than at rest
- reduces the volume of the thoracic/ chest/ lung cavity further than at rest
- increases pressure in the thoracic/ chest/ lung cavity more than at rest or lung air pressure increased further than at rest
- More air expired than at rest or increases breathing rate or forced expiration
Identify two lifestyle diseases of the respiratory system and analyse the impact of training on these lifestyle diseases. (5)
- Asthma
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / COPD/ emphysema/ chronic bronchitis/
- Lung cancer
3 marks from:
- increased respiratory muscle strength which decreases respiratory effort/ alleviates symptoms of asthma
- decreased resting/ submaximal breathing frequency/rate which reduces fatigue/ makes everyday tasks easier
- maintain full use of available lung volume/ tissue/ elasticity which decreases infection risk (associated with COPD)
- increases surface area of alveoli/ pulmonary capillaries or alveoli/ pulmonary capillarisation which maximises gas exchange/ oxygen diffusion/ respiratory health
- (EIA) training may trigger an asthma attack if a performer suffers from exercise induced asthma
- (COPD) someone with COPD may have reduced lung capacity/ difficulty breathing deeply/ persistent cough which may make training difficult/ impossible
Name and describe two chronic sports injuries. Use a sporting example to describe a possible cause of each chronic sports injury. (6)
- Stress fracture
–> small/ hairline crack in surface of the bone
–> transfer of stress overload from muscles/ repetitive stress/ overtraining/
intensity overload and e.g. excessive distance running or intensity of gymnastics training too high - Osteoarthritis
–> breakdown/ loss of articular/ hyaline cartilage or swelling of joint or
development of bone spurs
–> overuse of joint and e.g. knee joints of a career footballer - Medial tibial stress syndrome/ MTSS/ shin splints
–> inflammation of periosteum/ bone to tendon connection
–> repeated overuse/ excessive loading stress/ overtraining/ inadequate
footwear and e.g. excessive running on hard surfaces - Tendinosis/ Epicondylitis/ Golfer’s elbow/ Tennis elbow
–> deterioration/ inflammation of a tendon
–> repetitive stress/ poor recovery and e.g. repeated twisting of the forearm
in tennis - Bursitis
–> inflammation of bursa/ fluid-filled sacs
–> repetitive stress/ poor recovery and e.g. overuse of shoulder rotation in butterfly
