Frontiers Of Veterinary Science Flashcards
Comparison of the Efficacy of Surgical Decompression Alone and Combined With Canine Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell Transplantation in Dogs With Acute Thoracolumbar Disk Disease and Spinal Cord Injury. Bach et al. 2019
- This study compared the effects decompressive surgery with or without canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cAd-MSCs) in the treatment of dogs with acute paraplegia.
- 22 dogs all grade 4 or 5 (11 in each group)
- The use of epidural cAd-MSC transplantation with surgical decompression may contribute to faster locomotor recovery in dogs with acute paraplegia and reduce the length of post-surgery hospitalization.
Behavioral Changes in Dogs With Idiopathic Epilepsy Compared to Other Medical Populations. Levitin et al. 2019
- Study aimed to determine presence and severity of anxiety related behaviours in dogs with IE.
- Restrospective questionnaire, 37 normal dogs, 38 epileptic dogs, 27 IVDD
- Dogs receiving polytherapy significantly reduced excitement before a walk or car trip, increased fear/anxiety when groomed, and increased trembling when alone compared to dogs on mono therapy.
- Seizure phase was associated with behaviour changes in 38% of the epileptic population.
Prognostic Factors for Recovery of Vision in Canine Optic Neuritis of Unknown Etiology: 26 Dogs (2003–2018). Posporis et al. 2019
- 26 dogs diagnosed with presumptive MUE-optic neuritis.
- 23% showed complete recovery of vision, and 77% had incomplete or no recovery.
- Presence of PLR, absence of fundoycopic lesions, younger age, and lower CSF TNCC were statistically associated with recovery of vision.
Comparison of Serum Trace Nutrient Concentrations in Epileptics Compared to Healthy Dogs. Vitale et al. 2019
- Uncontrolled epileptics had significantly higher manganese, selenium and zinc
- Controlled epileptics had higher molybdenum compared to untreated epileptics.
Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous and Oral Phenobarbital Sodium in Healthy Goats. Yates et al. 2020
- Bioavailability of phenobarbital was poor, and the half-life was very short due to a high clearance.
- Doses >10 mg/kg should be considered when phenobarbital is administered orally in goats.
Behavioral Changes Under Levetiracetam Treatment in Dogs. Erath et al. 2020
- 84 dogs on levetiracetam (mono therapy, add on, and pulse) answered a questionnaire.
- 50% of these dogs had pre-existing behavioural changes prior to leve.
- 14/44 (31%) had worsening behaviour after starting leve.
- 4/44 (9%) had new behaviour changes
- 10/40 (25%) dogs without pre-existing behaviours developed behaviour changes.
Meningoencephalomyelitis of Unknown Origin in Cats: A Case Series Describing Clinical and Pathological Findings. Nessler et al. 2020
- Case series of 4 cats (1.7 - 17.8 years) with acute to chronic progressive neurological signs of encephalopathy or myelopathy.
- Extraneural signs included hyperthermia, weight loss, hyporexia and leukocytosis (75%)
- MRI = multifocal intraparenchymal lesions in forebrain, brainstem or spinal cord with homogenous contrast enhancement.
- CSF was normal or displayed high protein.
- Histopath = Multifocal, lympho-histiocytic meningoencephalitis in 3 & lympho-histiocytic myelitis in 1.
Case Report: Meningoencephalomyelitis of Unknown Etiology Manifesting as a Bilateral Cranial Polyneuropathy in 3 Dogs. Levitin et al. 2020
- All dogs presented with a progressive history of vestibular ataxia with either central vestibular or multifocal central nervous system.
- MRI = variable degree of bilateral enlargement +/or increased contrast enhancement of CNI, III, V, VII and VIII. Also the orbital fissure.
- Evidence of intracranial and cranial cervical meningeal contrast enhancement in all three dogs
- In all cases, more cranial nerves were affected than indicated by neurological examination.
- CSF = mononuclear pleocytosis and mixed pleocytosis.
Current Understanding of the Genetics of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Dickinson et al. 2020
- Premature disc degeneration associated with dog chromosome 12 (CFA 12)
- Overexpression of FGF4 retrogene on CFA12
-The dominant nature of the CFA12 FGF4 retrogene on IVDD and the very high allele frequency in some breeds means that eradication may be challenging.
Transient Postural Vestibulo-Cerebellar Syndrome in Three Dogs With Presumed Cerebellar Hypoplasia. Prikryl et al. 2020
-The transient postural symptoms present as pronounced vestibulo-cerebellar signs after altering the position of the head.
-MRI revealed caudal cerebellar hypoplasia, affecting vermis, and floccular lobes bilaterally in 1 dog and hypoplasia of the nodulus vermis in 2.
- No progression of clinical signs seen within 4 months
Ambulation in Dogs With Absent Pain Perception After Acute Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord Injury. Lewis et al. 2020
- Some deep pain negative dogs develop spontaneous motor recovery, “spinal walking.”
- This can take up to a year or more to develop.
- Spinal walking has been proposed to reflect reflexive stepping generated autonomously at the level of the spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG).
- CGP organises the basic pattern for stepping, independent of supra-spinal or sensory input.
-This basic rhythmic pattern of the CPG is produced by interconnected, alternating, and mutually inhibitory flexor and extensor interneurons. - Olby et al. 2003, 7/18 (38%) dogs with absent pain perception secondary to IVDH regained ambulation (spinal walking) on average over 9 months with a range of four to 18 months
Feasibility of Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation (gammaCore VET™) for the Treatment of Refractory Seizure Activity in Dogs. Robinson et al. 2020
-Within the vagus nerve are myelinated afferent axons which project to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), followed by further projections to the brainstem and forebrain.
- Modulation of the vagus nerve may alter cerebral blood flow (CBF) as well as cause an increase of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and noradrenaline (NE) levels, resulting in antiepileptic effects.
- 9/14 dogs achieved a reduction in seizure frequency.
- 4/14 had a 50% or greater reduction.
- Adverse effects = hoarse bark and limb trembling in 25%
Analysis of Early Assessable Risk Factors for Poor Outcome in Dogs With Cluster Seizures and Status Epilepticus. Cagnotti et al. 2020
- 93 dogs studies. 23% with status epileptics and 77% with cluster seizures.
- Factors statistically associated with poor outcome;
> First seizure outside of 6m-6y.
> Hyperthermia on presentation.
> Absence of previous AEDs in case of previous seizure history.
Effect of Intravenous Morphine Injection on Neurological Examination of Dogs With Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Extrusion. Fouhety et al. 2020
- 62 dogs with TL IVDE
- Neurological exam performed before and 30minutes after IV administration of either morphine or placebo.
- 32 dogs received morphine and there was no difference in pre- and post-injection modified Frankel scores
EEG Patterns Orienting to Lafora Disease Diagnosis—A Case Report in Two Beagles. Demery et al. 2020
- Clinical manifestations of LD usually include seizures, spontaneous and reflex myoclonus with contractions of the neck and limb muscles.
-The hypovoltaged background rhythm was interrupted by waxing “crescendo” polyspikes-slow wave complexes appearing 80–250 ms after the start of intermittent photic stimulation, followed by myoclonic jerks after 80–150 ms.
Comparison of Canine and Feline Meningiomas Using the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient and Fractional Anisotropy. Wada et al. 2021
- 13 dogs and 6 cats
- Normal appearing white matter of cats had significantly lower ADC and higher fractional anisotropy (FA) compared to dogs.
- Feline meningioma’s showed significantly lower ADC ratio and higher FA ratio compared to dogs.
-This study suggested that ADC and FA may be able to distinguish a meningioma that is solid and easy to detach, like as typical feline meningiomas.
Intravenous Ketamine Bolus(es) for the Treatment of Status Epilepticus, Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Cluster Seizures: A Retrospective Study of 15 Dogs. Reynard et al. 2021
- Ketamine bolus dose of 5mg/kg IV as a treatment for refractory SE.
- Ketamine terminated RSE 12/12 times.
- Seizure recurrence was 33% within 6 hours.
- Ketamine used for cluster seizures was associated with termination in only 29%.
- 14% adverse effects were seen.
Probable Sudden Unexpected Death in Dogs With Epilepsy (pSUDED). Huenerfauth et al. 2021
- In 12 dogs with IE, the last seizure event occurred between 6h and ~3 months before death.
- pSUDED was suspected in these dogs and an occurrence rate of 4.5-10% was calculated.
- Dogs with brachycephalic syndrome and who had cluster seizures appeared to be have an increased risk of pSUDED.
