Frontiers Of Veterinary Science Flashcards
Comparison of the Efficacy of Surgical Decompression Alone and Combined With Canine Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell Transplantation in Dogs With Acute Thoracolumbar Disk Disease and Spinal Cord Injury. Bach et al. 2019
- This study compared the effects decompressive surgery with or without canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cAd-MSCs) in the treatment of dogs with acute paraplegia.
- 22 dogs all grade 4 or 5 (11 in each group)
- The use of epidural cAd-MSC transplantation with surgical decompression may contribute to faster locomotor recovery in dogs with acute paraplegia and reduce the length of post-surgery hospitalization.
Behavioral Changes in Dogs With Idiopathic Epilepsy Compared to Other Medical Populations. Levitin et al. 2019
- Study aimed to determine presence and severity of anxiety related behaviours in dogs with IE.
- Restrospective questionnaire, 37 normal dogs, 38 epileptic dogs, 27 IVDD
- Dogs receiving polytherapy significantly reduced excitement before a walk or car trip, increased fear/anxiety when groomed, and increased trembling when alone compared to dogs on mono therapy.
- Seizure phase was associated with behaviour changes in 38% of the epileptic population.
Prognostic Factors for Recovery of Vision in Canine Optic Neuritis of Unknown Etiology: 26 Dogs (2003–2018). Posporis et al. 2019
- 26 dogs diagnosed with presumptive MUE-optic neuritis.
- 23% showed complete recovery of vision, and 77% had incomplete or no recovery.
- Presence of PLR, absence of fundoycopic lesions, younger age, and lower CSF TNCC were statistically associated with recovery of vision.
Comparison of Serum Trace Nutrient Concentrations in Epileptics Compared to Healthy Dogs. Vitale et al. 2019
- Uncontrolled epileptics had significantly higher manganese, selenium and zinc
- Controlled epileptics had higher molybdenum compared to untreated epileptics.
Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous and Oral Phenobarbital Sodium in Healthy Goats. Yates et al. 2020
- Bioavailability of phenobarbital was poor, and the half-life was very short due to a high clearance.
- Doses >10 mg/kg should be considered when phenobarbital is administered orally in goats.
Behavioral Changes Under Levetiracetam Treatment in Dogs. Erath et al. 2020
- 84 dogs on levetiracetam (mono therapy, add on, and pulse) answered a questionnaire.
- 50% of these dogs had pre-existing behavioural changes prior to leve.
- 14/44 (31%) had worsening behaviour after starting leve.
- 4/44 (9%) had new behaviour changes
- 10/40 (25%) dogs without pre-existing behaviours developed behaviour changes.
Meningoencephalomyelitis of Unknown Origin in Cats: A Case Series Describing Clinical and Pathological Findings. Nessler et al. 2020
- Case series of 4 cats (1.7 - 17.8 years) with acute to chronic progressive neurological signs of encephalopathy or myelopathy.
- Extraneural signs included hyperthermia, weight loss, hyporexia and leukocytosis (75%)
- MRI = multifocal intraparenchymal lesions in forebrain, brainstem or spinal cord with homogenous contrast enhancement.
- CSF was normal or displayed high protein.
- Histopath = Multifocal, lympho-histiocytic meningoencephalitis in 3 & lympho-histiocytic myelitis in 1.
Case Report: Meningoencephalomyelitis of Unknown Etiology Manifesting as a Bilateral Cranial Polyneuropathy in 3 Dogs. Levitin et al. 2020
- All dogs presented with a progressive history of vestibular ataxia with either central vestibular or multifocal central nervous system.
- MRI = variable degree of bilateral enlargement +/or increased contrast enhancement of CNI, III, V, VII and VIII. Also the orbital fissure.
- Evidence of intracranial and cranial cervical meningeal contrast enhancement in all three dogs
- In all cases, more cranial nerves were affected than indicated by neurological examination.
- CSF = mononuclear pleocytosis and mixed pleocytosis.
Current Understanding of the Genetics of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Dickinson et al. 2020
- Premature disc degeneration associated with dog chromosome 12 (CFA 12)
- Overexpression of FGF4 retrogene on CFA12
-The dominant nature of the CFA12 FGF4 retrogene on IVDD and the very high allele frequency in some breeds means that eradication may be challenging.
Transient Postural Vestibulo-Cerebellar Syndrome in Three Dogs With Presumed Cerebellar Hypoplasia. Prikryl et al. 2020
-The transient postural symptoms present as pronounced vestibulo-cerebellar signs after altering the position of the head.
-MRI revealed caudal cerebellar hypoplasia, affecting vermis, and floccular lobes bilaterally in 1 dog and hypoplasia of the nodulus vermis in 2.
- No progression of clinical signs seen within 4 months
Ambulation in Dogs With Absent Pain Perception After Acute Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord Injury. Lewis et al. 2020
- Some deep pain negative dogs develop spontaneous motor recovery, “spinal walking.”
- This can take up to a year or more to develop.
- Spinal walking has been proposed to reflect reflexive stepping generated autonomously at the level of the spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG).
- CGP organises the basic pattern for stepping, independent of supra-spinal or sensory input.
-This basic rhythmic pattern of the CPG is produced by interconnected, alternating, and mutually inhibitory flexor and extensor interneurons. - Olby et al. 2003, 7/18 (38%) dogs with absent pain perception secondary to IVDH regained ambulation (spinal walking) on average over 9 months with a range of four to 18 months
Feasibility of Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation (gammaCore VET™) for the Treatment of Refractory Seizure Activity in Dogs. Robinson et al. 2020
-Within the vagus nerve are myelinated afferent axons which project to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), followed by further projections to the brainstem and forebrain.
- Modulation of the vagus nerve may alter cerebral blood flow (CBF) as well as cause an increase of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and noradrenaline (NE) levels, resulting in antiepileptic effects.
- 9/14 dogs achieved a reduction in seizure frequency.
- 4/14 had a 50% or greater reduction.
- Adverse effects = hoarse bark and limb trembling in 25%
Analysis of Early Assessable Risk Factors for Poor Outcome in Dogs With Cluster Seizures and Status Epilepticus. Cagnotti et al. 2020
- 93 dogs studies. 23% with status epileptics and 77% with cluster seizures.
- Factors statistically associated with poor outcome;
> First seizure outside of 6m-6y.
> Hyperthermia on presentation.
> Absence of previous AEDs in case of previous seizure history.
Effect of Intravenous Morphine Injection on Neurological Examination of Dogs With Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Extrusion. Fouhety et al. 2020
- 62 dogs with TL IVDE
- Neurological exam performed before and 30minutes after IV administration of either morphine or placebo.
- 32 dogs received morphine and there was no difference in pre- and post-injection modified Frankel scores
EEG Patterns Orienting to Lafora Disease Diagnosis—A Case Report in Two Beagles. Demery et al. 2020
- Clinical manifestations of LD usually include seizures, spontaneous and reflex myoclonus with contractions of the neck and limb muscles.
-The hypovoltaged background rhythm was interrupted by waxing “crescendo” polyspikes-slow wave complexes appearing 80–250 ms after the start of intermittent photic stimulation, followed by myoclonic jerks after 80–150 ms.
Comparison of Canine and Feline Meningiomas Using the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient and Fractional Anisotropy. Wada et al. 2021
- 13 dogs and 6 cats
- Normal appearing white matter of cats had significantly lower ADC and higher fractional anisotropy (FA) compared to dogs.
- Feline meningioma’s showed significantly lower ADC ratio and higher FA ratio compared to dogs.
-This study suggested that ADC and FA may be able to distinguish a meningioma that is solid and easy to detach, like as typical feline meningiomas.
Intravenous Ketamine Bolus(es) for the Treatment of Status Epilepticus, Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Cluster Seizures: A Retrospective Study of 15 Dogs. Reynard et al. 2021
- Ketamine bolus dose of 5mg/kg IV as a treatment for refractory SE.
- Ketamine terminated RSE 12/12 times.
- Seizure recurrence was 33% within 6 hours.
- Ketamine used for cluster seizures was associated with termination in only 29%.
- 14% adverse effects were seen.
Probable Sudden Unexpected Death in Dogs With Epilepsy (pSUDED). Huenerfauth et al. 2021
- In 12 dogs with IE, the last seizure event occurred between 6h and ~3 months before death.
- pSUDED was suspected in these dogs and an occurrence rate of 4.5-10% was calculated.
- Dogs with brachycephalic syndrome and who had cluster seizures appeared to be have an increased risk of pSUDED.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Drop Metastases of Canine Glioma: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Classification. Bentley et al. 2021
- 10 dogs with histologically confirmed foci of glioma
- CSF drop metastasis appeared as leptomeningeal nodules in 4 dogs, diffuse lesions in 6 dogs, ependymal lesions in 7 dogs.
- Many metastases were T2-homogeneous and non-enhancing.
- Diffuse leptomeningeal lesions were seen as widespread extra-axial contrast-enhancement, again very dissimilar to the intra-axial primary mass.
- Primary masses were rostrotentorial, whereas metastases generally occurred in the direction of CSF flow, in ventricles, CSF cisterns, and the central canal or leptomeninges of the cervical or thoracolumbar spinal cord.
Effect of Sedation on the Neurological Examination of the Patellar and Withdrawal Reflexes in Healthy Dogs. Horsley et al. 2021
-Reflexes were elicited in all dogs under sedation. Sedation does not affect the evaluation of the withdrawal reflex on any limb but improves the visualization of the patellar reflex in this group of neurologically normal dogs.
Is Encephalitozoon cuniculi of Significance in Young Dogs With Neurological Signs? Boer et al. 2021
- Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidium belonging to the phylum Microspora.
- Young dogs (<3 years old) that were referred with neurological signs were examined for the presence of E. cuniculi.
- Dogs were selected if serology revealed a clearly elevated IgM titer (>100) and/or if an EDTA-blood sample and/or urine sample tested positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- At necropsy no evidence of an E. cuniculi infection was found. We concluded that, although IgM titers and PCR indicated an E. cuniculi infection, it is most likely of limited clinical significance in young dogs.
A Comparison Between Body Weight-Supported Treadmill Training and Conventional Over-Ground Training in Dogs With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury. Martins et al. 2021
-The BWSTT group showed 100% (10/10) recovery within a mean time of 4.6 weeks, while the COGI group had 78% (7/9) within 6.1 weeks. Therefore, BWSTT leads to a faster recovery with a better outcome in general.
- Only 10 dogs
Abnormal Behavior Episodes Associated With Zonisamide in Three Dogs: A Case Report. Kanazono et al. 2021
-Abnormal behavior episodes included sudden rage and aggression to the family members, insomnia, restlessness, and/or constant attention-seeking behavior.
- Abnormal behavior episodes deteriorated along with gradual dose increment of zonisamide and these episodes almost completely disappeared within 5 days after discontinuation of zonisamide.
Subclinical Hypoventilation in Dogs Undergoing Ventral Slot Decompressive Surgery for Cervical Myelopathy Due to Intervertebral Disc Herniation. Andruzzi et al. 2021
- 20 dogs with ventral slot vs 20 dogs with semi.
-Dogs with cervical lesions that were non-ambulatory before surgery had more evidence of subclinical hypoventilation in the immediate peri-extubation period than dogs with less severe injuries or those undergoing hemilaminectomy surgery. - We found no difference in the ventilation status in dogs undergoing cervical or thoracolumbar decompressive surgery for IVDH from 8 to 72 h post-operatively.
-These data suggest that dogs with severe cervical spinal cord injuries may be at risk for subclinical hypoventilation in the immediate peri-extubation period.
Canine Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Clinical Features, Survival Rate and Neurological Sequelae: A Retrospective Study of 54 Cases (1999–2016). Kleeb et al. 2021
-In 62% of the TBE cases unspecific signs were described before the onset of neurological signs, resembling a biphasic appearance.
-Case fatality rate was 33% and all dogs died within the first 4 months after diagnosis.
- Older dogs and dogs presented with seizure activity had an increased hazard risk of death
Response to Levetiracetam Treatment and Long-Term Follow-Up in Dogs With Reactive Seizures Due to Probable Exogenous Toxicity. Stabile et al. 2021
- 13 dogs diagnosed with reactive seizures.
- All received 60mg/kg loading dose followed by 20mg/kg Q8hrs.
- Leve was weaned after 6 months of seizure free period.
-No adverse effects of the treatment were reported. No dogs experienced any seizures after discharge or after levetiracetam withdrawal.
Comparison of Dorsal-to-Ventral Ratios of the Cervical Paraspinal Musculature in French Bulldogs With and Without Cervical Intervertebral Disk Disease and Two Other Breeds Based on CT Scan Measurements. Hart et al. 2021
- Although some incidental differences were found, most parameters did not significantly differ between the BOAS and IVDH FBs
-This study’s findings suggest that the paraspinal musculature is an additional biomechanical influencing factor on the preferential sites of IVDH in the cervical spine esp in FBs
Clinical Features and Risk Factors for Gastrointestinal Complications in Dogs Treated Surgically for Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Extrusion. Metro et al. 2021
- 116 dogs
- GI signs seen in 47% of dogs.
- 40% had 1 episode and 38% and >5 episodes.
- Diarrhoea most common 73%
- Melaena 2%
- Median hospitalization was 7 days (4–15 days) vs. 5 days (4–11 days) in dogs with or without GI signs, respectively.
- Pre-operative paraplegia with absent pain perception was identified on univariable analysis (p = 0.005) and longer anesthetic duration on multivariable analysis to be associated with development of more severe GI signs (p = 0.047).
Intracranial Lesion Detection and Artifact Characterization: Comparative Study of Susceptibility and T2*-Weighted Imaging in Dogs and Cats. Wolfer et al. 2021
- SWI detects haemorrhage.
- Aim of the study was to compare the number of areas of signal void (ASV) between SWI and T2* of haemorrhage and calcification and image artefacts.
- SWI had advantages of better detection of ASV in SWI compared with T2*WI
- Frontal sinus conformation appears to be a limiting factor in image interpretation
Positioning Head Tilt in Canine Lysosomal Storage Disease: A Retrospective Observational Descriptive Study. Tamara et al. 2021
- Head tilt is triggered in response to head movement and is believed to be caused by a lack of inhibition of the vestibular nuclei by the cerebellar nodulus and ventral uvula (NU)
- Hypothesized that other diseases, such as lysosomal storage diseases that cause degeneration in the whole brain, including NU, may cause NU dysfunction and positioning head tilt.
- It was observed in many dogs with LSD, NCL, GM1 gangliosidosis and GM2 gangliosidosis
Sustained Gaze Is a Reliable In-home Test of Attention for Aging Pet Dogs. Hoel et al. 2021
- Twenty dogs aged 7–15.5 years completed testing.
- CAnine DEmentia Scale (CADES) questionnaire
- Gaze duration was significantly associated with CADES (p = 0.0026).
Inflammatory Disease Affecting the Central Nervous System in Dogs: A Retrospective Study in England (2010–2019). Conclaves et al. 2021
- 1140 dogs diagnosed with inflammatory disease affecting the CNS
- Immune mediated 83.6% and infectious 16.4%
- MUO 47.5%
- SRMA 30.7%
- Infectious disco (9.3%)
- Otogenic intracranial infection (2.2%)
- Infection more likely seen in older, male dogs, with progressive signs, hyperaesthesia and identification of a possible associated preceding event.
Multicenter Study of Clinical Presentation, Treatment, and Outcome in 41 Dogs With Spinal Epidural Empyema. Laws et al. 2022
- 41 dogs with spinal empyema, 17 treated surgically and 24 dogs medically.
- Functional recovery achieved in 78.9% of conservatively treated and 75% in surgically treated.
- No significant difference in long term outcome between groups.
- However significantly more surgically treated dogs were non-ambulatory at presentation.
Detection of Extracellular Traps in Canine Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis. Wohlsein et al. 2022
- Extracellular traps (ETs) are DNA networks formed by immune cells to fight infectious diseases by catching and attacking pathogenic microorganisms.
- Extracellular DNA fibers and attached ET markers are detectable in affected perivascular and meningeal tissues of dogs suffering from SRMA.
Phenotypic Characterization of Idiopathic Epilepsy in Border Collies. Santifort et al. 2022
- 116 Border Collies
- Median age of onset 33.5months
- 40% of medically treated dogs received 1 AED, 60% received =>2 AEDs
- 81% had phenobarbitone
- 4 or more side effects seen in 23% dogs
- QoL score 7/10
- QoL declined by a median of 30% during course of life in 39% of dogs
Bromide Dose in Dogs With Epilepsy Living Close to Coastal Areas and Living More Inland: A Retrospective Observational Study. Lichtenauer et al. 2022
- Potassium bromide is a frequently used antiseizure medication with a half-life time of over 25 days.
- Although not statistically significant there is a trend that dogs living in close proximity to the sea may require a higher dose of potassium bromide to maintain therapeutic concentrations
Clinical Course and Diagnostic Findings of Biopsy Controlled Presumed Immune-Mediated Polyneuropathy in 70 European Cats. Renee et al. 2022
- Median age of onset 10months (4-120)
- British shorthair most common (25.7%), DSH 24.5%, Bengal 11.4%, Maine Coon 8.6%, Persian cat 5.7%
- Weakness 98.6% and tetra paresis 75.7%, decreased withdrawals 83.6%, cranial nerves 17.1%, Pain 12.9%, urine and faecal problems 14.3%.
- Insidious onset 69.1%, 30.1% sudden.
- Spontaneous EMG 89.6%
- Decreased MNCV 52.3%
- Abnormal F Wave 72.4%
- Remittent course in 49.2% or remittent relapsing in 34.9%
- Relapses occurred in 35.7%
- Favourable outcome in 79.4%
Retrospective Preliminary Assessment of Routine Follow-Up Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Dogs Presumptively Diagnosed With Discospondylitis. Freitas et al. 2022
- 25 dogs with discospondylitis had an MRI at diagnosis and a second MRI.
- At the time of MRI-2 16 (64%) dogs were asymptomatic and 9 (36%) were symptomatic.
-No MRI-2 features were associated with the clinical status.
-The subjective classification of inactive discospondylitis was significantly associated with asymptomatic clinical status, but the classification of active discospondylitis was evenly distributed between groups.
