from the concert of Europe to the Paris Peace System

Question 1

domination of Europe in terms of pop, world trade, capital : numbers

Answer 1

• pop: 27% of world pop
• World trade : eu= 60% vs us = 10%
• Capital : britain: almost 1/2 of the world capital which was 210 billions Gold Franc (98)
  Vs us = 18 billions

Question 2

elements of the globalization

Answer 2

• gold standard: no inflation
• culture/sport became global
• industrialization
• urbanization
• very rapid development of transports, trade and communication
• migrations, esp from Europe
• development of multilateral institutions

Question 3

examples of multilateral institutions

Answer 3

concert of Europe, administrative unions (postal..), the Hague peace conferences

Question 4

the Hague peace conferences’ dates

Answer 4

1899 / 1907

Question 5

Concert of Europe: creation + composition

Answer 5

1814/1815
- Britain: sea pw (2 pws standard), splendid isolation
- Russia : continental pw, expansion => threat, panslavism (maintain ties with slavic people)
- Germany : Weltpolitik => wants to become a world pw => dvp of its fleet => arms race
- France: not as pwful as G but resources from its colonial empire + foreign diplomacy ag G to regain Als and L lost in 1871 to G
- Italy : wants to be more pwful in Med Sea
- Austria : weak and fragile as dif nat + wants to preserve status quo from Russia
OE not part of it : eastern question

Question 6

Dual alliance

Answer 6

Germany -AH : 1879

Question 7

triple alliance

Answer 7

dual + it : 1882

Question 8

Fr-Russia

Answer 8

1891-1894

Question 9

secret agreement It-Fr + B-Jpn

Answer 9

1902

Question 10

entente cordiale

Answer 10

B+Fr : 1904, not an alliance

Question 11

agreement on Persia and Afghanistan

Answer 11

B+R: 1907 => triple entente

Question 12

new great pws beyond Eu

Answer 12

Jpn: by making war (Ch + R) => expansion
USA: first World Economy after civil war + imperialism pw

Question 13

Ideology

Answer 13

• Conservative values as most countries were monarchies
  
  • Liberal values defended by Britain, fr and us, importance increased
  • Nationalism (racism: colonization, antisemitism (western +russian), darwinism, imperialism, protectionnism (economic), arms race accelerated due to the political rivalries)
  • Socialism appeared with the First International in 1864 and the 2nd International 1889, became imp after the revolution in Russia

Question 14

Ch defeated by Jpn

Answer 14

1894/1895

Question 15

Russia defeated by Jpn

Answer 15

1905 => turns to the balkans => tension increased with Austria

Question 16

morocco crisis

Answer 16

1905/1906 - 1911 - F vs G

Question 17

annexation of Bosnia by Austria

Answer 17

1908 => risk of a war with Russia

Question 18

balkans wars

Answer 18

1912/1913, 2 wars => indep of balkans countries except Turkish kept by OE

Question 19

beginning of WWI

Answer 19

July 28th, A declares war to S

Question 20

stalemate

Answer 20

failure of G in the Marne in Sept as well of R in Tannenberg
failure of the Dardanelles Campaign
Verdun Battle = symbol

Question 21

third stalemate

Answer 21

• diplomatically (no compromise as dif aims)
• militarily (no break through)
• on the home front (nationalism)

Question 22

the war becomes global 1914

Answer 22

• Jpn vs G to conqueur territories
• OE vs Entente

Question 23

the war becomes global 1915

Answer 23

• It vs AH to conquest territories
• Bulgaria vs Entente

Question 24

the war becomes global 1916

Answer 24

Romania vs Central Pws

Question 25

the war becomes global 1917

Answer 25

US + Greece vs Central pws

Question 26

soviet revolution

Answer 26

Feb 1917: empire over-throned by the rev
Oct: Bolshevik Rev in Leningrad => install the 1st comunism pw
=> weakening => conquest of central pws until the Caucasus

Question 27

treaty of Brest Litovsk

Answer 27

march 1918

Question 28

Paris Peace conference : date + conceptions + main figures

Answer 28

18 Jan 1919
Council of 4: Orlando, Wilson, Lloyd George and Clemenceau
2 conceptions facing each other:
- idealism, collective security (W.W: 14 points), fair peace
- realism based on the balance of pw (Clem)

Question 29

14 points

Answer 29

8 Jan 1918
Collective security and self-determination were Wilson’s binding themes. He called for ‘open covenants openly arrived at’, ‘freedom of the seas’, the removal of economic barriers, the reduction of armaments and the foundation of a League of Nations.

Question 30

treaty of Versailles

Answer 30

28 June 1919
territorial and col losses, demilitarization, reparations, League of Nations

Question 31

treaty with Austria

Answer 31

treaty of St Germain
10 sept 1919

Question 32

treaty of Neuilly

Answer 32

Bulgaria 27 Nov

Question 33

treaty with Hungary

Answer 33

treaty of Trianon 4 June 1920

Question 34

treaties with Turkey

Answer 34

treaties of Sèvres (1920) and Lausanne (1923)

Question 35

peace treaties + disappearance of empires =>

Answer 35

creation of new states : in eastern Europe : Poland, Yougoslavie

Question 36

weaknesses of the paris system

Answer 36

• no common values
• G + R excluded from the peace talks
• It disappointed: didn’t receive all the territories wanted => fascism
  => revisionism
• US: isolationist
• UK : opportunist
• Fr : alone, conservative status quo french dip