decolonization, 3rd World and international economy Flashcards
1
Q
decolonization: def
A
= “the process whereby an imperial power gives up its authority over its colonies” (A.Best…)
related to self-government and self-determination
2
Q
where did decolonization start ? thanks to whom?
order of decolonization in this region
A
America, thanks to the US
USA-Canada-Latin Am-Cuba
3
Q
creation of the USA
A
1776 (British col)
4
Q
indep of Latin America
A
1882
Monroe Doctrine : European should not interfere anymore in Am
5
Q
indep of Canada
A
dominion in 1867 and independence in 1931
6
Q
decolonization of Cuba
A
1902
7
Q
order of the world decolonization
A
Am - Middle East - Asia - Afr
8
Q
colonization of the ME
A
1916: Sykes-Picot + 1920: San Remo
Fr: Lebanon and Syria
UK: Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq
9
Q
decolonization of Egypt
A
1922
10
Q
decolonization of Iraq
A
1930
11
Q
decolonization of Lebanon and Syria
A
1946
12
Q
indep of Palestine/Israel
A
1948
13
Q
decolonization of Lybia
A
1951, (IT)
14
Q
decolonization of Morocco and Tunesia
A
1956
15
Q
algerian war
A
1954-1962
16
Q
whose countries helped the decolonization process of Asia ?
A
Jpn and US
17
Q
decolonization of Korea
A
1945
18
Q
decolonization of Philippines
A
1946
19
Q
indochina war
A
1946-1954
20
Q
decolonization of India/Pakistan
A
1947
21
Q
decolonization of Burma (UK)
A
1948
22
Q
decolonization of Indonesia (NL)
A
1949
23
Q
decolonization of Singapore
A
1963
24
Q
decolonization of South Afr
A
1910, dominion
25
decolonization of Gold Coast
1957
26
decolonization of Guinea (FR)
1958
27
decolonization of French Africa and Congo (BELG)
1960
28
decolonization of Spanish and Portuguese colonies
1975
29
decolonization of Namibia (mandate of SA)
1990
30
3rd world : wants, invention, claims
wants: more pw, more respected by richer countries, no cold war
invention: principles of the peaceful coexistence
claims: Bandung : continuations of the decolonization process and development
31
Bandung Conference
17 April 1955, 29 states : mainly asian countries
some intended results didn't really come to terms as there were CW participants but success
32
"Non-aligned movement" : beginning, major summit, concept strength and weakness
- beg: Brioni meeting in Yugoslavia in 1956 btw 3 leaders
- Belgrade Summit, 25 states
- neutralism
- strength : real force in IR: majority in UN Gen Assembly => resolutions passed
- weakness: CW battleground
33
Belgrade summit
1961
agreement: pressure group who focus mainly on political problems (CW, colonialism and apartheid) as well as eco dev issues.
34
foundation of the OPEC
1960
35
UNCTAD + G77 try during it
1964
UN Conf on Trade and Development
supports developing countries to access the benefits of a globalized economy more fairly and effectively
G77: try to fix a goal for the dvpt aid (1% GDP rich countries annually)
36
first oil shock
1973
price *4
in retaliation of supporting Israel against Egypt and Syria as well as in response USD value decline
37
UNGA : new international Eco order resolution
1974
more balanced relations N/S
= eco ability of S to change IR shown
38
launch of N/S dialogue
1976
paris
39
2nd oil shock
1979
price * 2 compared to the price after the 1st oil shock
due to the Iranian Revolution
40
N/S Summit in Cancun
1981
seemed that the south had succeeded in becoming an eco force
41
aim of G77
- promote their collective economic interests and enhance their joint negotiating capacity on all major international economic issues within the United Nations system
- promote South-South cooperation for development.
42
western eco integration
want of USA to prepare eco coop, new internat eco based one liberal values (free trade, open eco and soc) + BW institutions (obj : price stability and gold standard)
+ thanks to GATT (trade lib) , Marshall Plan => OEEC creation, Keynesian consensus (dvpt of public investment and welfare state)
43
OEEC
Organization for European Eco Coop
1948
to aminister the Marshall plan
44
crisis of the West : what happened, consequences and sol
what happened :
- weakening of the US due to CW => US trade deficit and USD devaluation => end of the BW system
- oil shocks => end of cheap oil, more and more trade and budget deficits, inflation ("stagflation"), rising of unemployment, debts more and more important => eco crisis
sol :
- creation of the G7 = western European cooperation, proposed by FR
- neoliberal solutions: Thatcher (1979) and Reagan (80) => consensus became dominant
= reduction of the gvt intervention, more exports, liberalization of eco, reduction of deficit, more competitiveness
45
USD devaluation
1971, no more convertibilty into gold
46
end of BW system
1976
Jamaica Agreement
47
creation of the G7 + members
1975-1976
major western eco : JPN, USA, UK, FR, Germ
+ IT and CAN in 1976
48
crisis of the communist model in the East
- eco failure under Mao Zedong : agr into modern country but then under D. Xiaoping modernization policy ("4 modernizations") in 1979 : liberalization of eco
- failure of the planned eco in the soviet block => collapse of the system in Eastern Europe and desintegration of the USSR (89-91)
49
crisis of the south : successes vs failures
- eco success of Eastern Asia based on open eco, lib, state intervention = flying geese paradigm
- oil shocks => debt crisis in Mex + Latin Am => Washington Consensus
- fragmented "3rd World" = "emerging eco" vs "least developed countries " : GDP / hab < 1000 $ a year (mostly subsaharian) => dvpt of the Monterrey consensus
50
4 dragons
Taiwan, Singapore, Hong-Kong, South Korea
51
eg of tigers
Indonesia, Philippines
52
debt crisis in Mex
1982
53
Washington consensus
John Williamson, 1990
based on BW institutions and on liberal principles (less state intervention, more competitiveness, more refunds, reduction of debt and public, social spending)
54
OECD
1960
previously OEEC but more global
37 countries such as South Korea and Mex = countries who got closer to the West
55
Monterrey consensus
2002
56
"globalization"
- international coop possible thanks to the hegemonic stability of the USA (>20% world GDP)
- based on liberal principles => growing process of interdependence of international eco
- creation of the World Trade Org
- economic regional integration
- creation of G20 => cooperative answer possible through G20 to world eco crisis
57
creation of the World Trade Org
1995
ensure trade liberalization
Ch in 2001 and Russia in 2012
58
creation of the G20 + first summit
- 1997 after financial crisis in Asia (pb of solvability, collapse of stock market) : global aspects
- 2008 = 1st summit
59
first BRIC summit
2009 then BRICS in 2011
60
the growing importance of environment
- *The Limits to Growth*, Club of Rome : carrying on this model of growth will be dangerous for the sustainability of the planet , important echo
- brundtland report : "sustainable development "
- Rio summit : adoption of the conventions on climate change + to protect biodiversity
- UN Millenium Summit : millenium dvpt goals
- Paris agreement on climate, SDG by 2030
61
def of sustainable development
a development mode that has to reconcile eco growth, the reduction of inequality, and the preservation of natural resources in order to not wrong future generations
62
rio summit date
1992
63
UN Millennium Summit
2000
64
the threats to globalization
failure of regulation ( not fully efficient), inequalities, failure of coop (protectionism, nat), environment (climate change), health (coronavirus), politics : "southern contestation" + strategic competition
