Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Living Primates > From Review Session 3 > Flashcards

From Review Session 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Who are the apes?

A

Gibbons, (siamangs), orangutans, gorillas, chimps, bonobos, (humans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What two categories are apes?

A

Catarrhines and anthropoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anthropoid features (compared to prosimians)

A

Larger, diurnal, no tapetum lucidum, more orbital frontation, shorter snout, more conservative teeth, larger brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Catarrhine features

A

Old world anthropoids, nostrils narrow and face down, 2123, many have ischial callosities, arboreal and terrestrial, larger, bony ear tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Primate features

A

Olfaction, post orbital bar, petrosal bulla, flexible limbs, clavicle, grasping hands and feet, nails, Heterodonty, large brains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Miocene was when

A

23-5 mya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Something happened during the Miocene

A

Catarrhines split into OWM and apes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sometime during the Miocene…

A

Fruit becomes patchy
1. Cercopithecoids: Maximize nutrient extraction (Bilophodonty)
2. Hominoids: Maximize travel speed (Suspensory Locomotion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Expand Foraging Sphere

A

All apes can do this because ripe fruit specialists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

20 MYA there were more

A

Apes than monkeys
1. All shapes and sizes
2. Tiny ones 4-5 kg Spain
3. Big ones Gigantopithecus ~600 kg (?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mary Leakey presents … old primitive ape from E Africa

A

Proconsul

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Maximize speed minimize deviations from

A

Strait lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Apes have … on Lower molars

A

Y-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who won the diversity race?

A

Monkeys
1. Diversity in monkeys exploded
2. Apes went down monkeys went up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ape features

A
  1. Broad nose, face, palate, chest
  2. Larger brains
  3. Simple molars Y-5
  4. No tail
  5. Long arms
  6. Short trunk
  7. Flexible shoulder
  8. Short back
  9. Flexible wrist
  10. Long hind limbs
  11. VERY long forelimbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Catarrhine features

A
  1. All found in the old world
  2. 2123 Dental Formula
  3. Nasal orientation
  4. All diurnal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ape locomotion

A
  1. Suspension and vertical climbing
  2. Can go above and below branches
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Apes life history

A
  1. Longer gestation periods
  2. Longer periods of infant development
  3. Longer lifespans
  4. More complex behavior
  5. Greater intelligence
  6. Increased capacity for learning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The Lesser Apes:

A

Gibbons and Siamangs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When did G&S diverge from us and each other?

A
  1. From us 18 MYA
  2. From each other 8 MYA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What genus are G&S?

A

Hylobatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Body size G&S

A
  1. Lesser apes are much smaller than great apes
  2. 5 kg gibbons 15 kg siamangs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gracile skeleton (G&S)

A

Thinner, less robust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

G&S Locomotion and Posture

A
  1. Ape so forelimb dominant things
  2. No ape better at arm swinging
  3. Exceptionally long hands and feet
  4. Big divergent toe good for grasping
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

If G&S are not sexually dimorphic in body size, how are they sexually dimorphic

A

Dichromatism (they are two different colors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

G&S face is not

A

Prognathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Canines…

A
  1. Not large sexually dimorphic canines
  2. Both sexes have large, sharp canines because they both have dominance hierarchies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where do G&S live?

A

Distribution of siamangs and gibbons in SE Asia, NOT AFRICA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Gibbon

A
  1. Genus: Hylobates = “tree walker” (walk bipedally in tops of trees)
  2. 5-7 kg
  3. Highly frugivorous (higher home range because food less abundant and have to move more)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Siamangs

A
  1. Highly folivorous
  2. Genus: Symphalangus
  3. 11-15 kg
  4. Specializes gut for folivory
  5. Larger throat sacs (function still debated, do duets)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Back to Gibbons

A
  1. Social life: Social monogamy (“pair living”) common in gibbons (explain lack of sexual dimorphism in size and canines)
  2. Dispersal: Both disperse from natal group upon maturity; Occasionally one pair member goes away from group
  3. Despite prevailing social monogamy: Gibbon mating can be polygynous, polyandrous, etc; Extra pair copulation occurs and females mate with multiple males
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Gibbons Intergroup Relations

A
  1. Relationships between gibbon groups are hostile
  2. Evidence from playback experiments
  3. Females react more strongly to females
  4. Males react most strongly to males
  5. Females are most concerned with outside females and appear to be defending FOOD SOURCES
  6. Males focus mostly on outside males and may primarily be GUARDING MATES
  7. Thus, hylobatids show “female resource defense” and “male mate defense” rather than “pairbonding”
  8. If gibbons were programmed to be monogamous, you wouldn’t see such great effort by both sexes to maintain monogamy…
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Gibbon Reproduction

A
  1. Either sex may initiate copulation
  2. Females first menstruate ~ 8 years
  3. Single birth
  4. Gestation = 7 months
  5. Interbirth interval = 2-4 years
  6. Infants weaned in 2nd year
  7. Males provide some parental care
  8. Females produce ~10 offspring during lifetime
  9. Lifespan: 30-35 (wild), 40-50 (captivity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Duets

A

Both go to border of territory and sing
1. Stability Theory: Unified couple, strong, content, happy, and defend territory aggressively
2. Flexibility Theory: Things aren’t going great (in relationship), invitation to others for better mate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Great apes

A

Orangutans, Gorilla, Chimps, Bonobo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Great apes features

A
  1. Large
  2. Sexually dimorphic in body size (to some degree) and canines
  3. U shaped dental archade
  4. Prognathic jaw
  5. Large zygomatics (bar bone on size reflect muscles that attach to them to chew; do a lot more chewing and forceful chewing than lesser apes)
  6. Come to ground more often (Knuckle walking (Africa), fist walking (orangutan)
37
Q

Why did knuckle walking evolve?
Be able to write a few sentences about it

A

Flexing fingers to get them out of the way, long fingers for suspension so if didn’t flex them they would have to life arms higher off ground and would be more energetically expensive

38
Q

Louis Leakey

A
  1. Founded the Trimates/Leakey’s Angels
  2. Birute Galdikas (Orangs 3rd)
  3. Jane Goodall (Chimps 1st)
  4. Dian Fossey (Mountain Gorilla 2nd)
39
Q

Orangutan Genus

A

Pongo spp.

40
Q

Orang Primate of Extremities

A
  1. Longest inter-birth interval
  2. Largest predominately arboreal mammal
  3. Most solitary diurnal mammal
  4. Most sexually dimorphic great ape
  5. Huge home ranges
  6. Bimaturism (Males have two mature forms; both sexually mature)
  7. Some males engage in forced copulation
41
Q

Orang Locomotion

A
  1. Ape so has to be capable arborealist with forelimb locomotion
  2. Fist walker when on ground
42
Q

Orang Incisors and Molars

A
  1. Incisors: very wide so indicates fruit
  2. Molars: flat, because don’t need high cusps
  3. Huge central incisors
  4. Very thick enamel (for unripe fruit)
  5. Bundodont molars
43
Q

Orang face features

A
  1. Prognathic upturned face
  2. Closely spaced orbits
  3. Little brow ridge (unlike African apes)
44
Q

Orang males Bimaturism

A

Two sexually mature adult male type
1. One has number of features associated with being dominant
2. Flanged males, aggressive
3. Secondary sexual characteristics: Flanged, big size, pharmones (scent glands on chest), long hair, big throat sacs (laryngeal sauce, booming loud sounds to make presence known), redder hair

45
Q

Sexual size dimorphism (orang)

A
  1. Females: 80-100 lbs
  2. Males: 200 lbs
46
Q

Social system orang

A
  1. Males and females don’t live together
  2. Not enough fruit for both
  3. Noyau
47
Q

Can you explain the group structure and social system of orangs?

A
  1. What is the relationship between females? Overlapping home ranges, not spending time together usually
  2. What is the relationship between males? Hostile, trying to keep out other males, have to be on the move, larger home ranges
  3. What is the relationship between males and females? Makes females vulnerable, not living in groups, Unflanged males sneak in (no loud calls) to not get attention of dominant male so sneak and do forced copulation
48
Q

Two reproductive strategies (orang)

A
  1. Become flanged and dominant
  2. Do no develop secondary characteristics and sneak
49
Q

Orangutan Culture

A

Suites of behavior which characterize different groups of orangs and can’t be explained by genetics or ecology

50
Q

Orangutan conservation crisis

A
  1. Deforestation (palm oil?)
  2. Rescue groups catching and saving the orangs, moving them out of area
51
Q

Orangutan Common ancestor

A

14 MYA

52
Q

Three subspecies of gorilla

A
  1. Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla (Western Lowland gorilla)
  2. G. Gorilla graueri (Eastern Lowland gorilla)
  3. G. Gorilla beringie (Mountain Gorilla)
53
Q

Gorilla features

A
  1. Bigger brow ridge
  2. Thin enamel
  3. Frontal sinus cavities
  4. True knuckle walkers
54
Q

Gorilla Locomotion

A
  1. High intermembral index
  2. Long forelimbs
55
Q

Diet and Gregariousness (gorilla)

A
  1. Mountain Gorilla: Eat more vegetation (far more abundant so whole group eating together, more gregarious social groups more cohesive)
  2. Lowland Gorillas: Eat more fruit (more widely distributed so can’t be together as much so less gregarious and less cohesive)
56
Q

Social system gorillas

A
  1. Polygynous system (most of the time)
  2. One male who has reproductive access to females in group (silverback, mostly all infants his)
57
Q

High competition in male gorillas

A
  1. High infanticide
  2. Need to be able to physically fight them (why big sexually dimorphism in body size)
58
Q

Mating system and reproductive anatomy in gorillas

A
  1. Small penis and testes
  2. No sperm competition
59
Q

Book says no tool use but we now have examples that there is

A
  1. Female uses stick to test depth of water and use as crutch to help stabilize self
  2. Not as much as chimps (possible just use strength to do things more; rip things apart)
60
Q

Dian Fossey

A
  1. Killed her gorilla so dump it on park managers desk
  2. Was murdered
61
Q

Mountain gorillas

A
  1. Live in small part in mountains
  2. Threats: disease, Ebola wiped out a bunch ~6000
62
Q

Gorilla diverged from us

A

7 MYA

63
Q

Chimp common ancestor diverged from us and each other

A
  1. Us 6 MYA
  2. Each other (chimp and bonobo) 1-2 MYA
64
Q

Common Chimpanzee

A
  1. Pan troglodytes (3 subspecies)
  2. Jane Goodall
  3. Good brachiating anatomy
  4. Vertical climbing
  5. Arboreal bipedality
65
Q

Chimp Diet

A
  1. Eclectic omnivores (eat about everything)
  2. In general preferred food ripe fruit
66
Q

Core of chimpanzee COMMUNITY

A
  1. Related males
  2. Females leave birth group to find new community (they dont live in groups because fission fusion communities, they are rarely together)
67
Q

Border Patrols & Lethal Interactions (Chimps)

A
  1. Lead to death of males and females and offspring in neighboring communities with goal of wearing down members of neighboring communities to get their resources
68
Q

Mating system (chimps)

A
  1. Intense sperm competition reflected in genitalia (very large testes)
69
Q

Safest member of community on border of communities

A
  1. Young female with large sexual swellings (Test borders and go to other communities to copulate and eventually sometimes fully go to neighboring communities)
70
Q

Wars (chimps)

A
  1. Members of communities will only attack when think have numerical advantage
  2. Happen when see older female going over, resources, etc
71
Q

Tool use (chimp)

A

Termite fishing, hammer like stone to crack open nuts

72
Q

Hunting and meat eating (chimps)

A
  1. Hunting in Tai forest vs open woodland
  2. Tai chimps have evolved cooperated system and can’t see if other individuals are doing job so successfully hunt
  3. Dim Forest, Bright Chimps: Hominization in the Rainforest (All out of forest characteristics were done better by these chimps in the forest)
73
Q

Chimpanzee Culture?

A

Yes

74
Q

Models in Medical research (chimps)

A
  1. NIH froze all uses of chimps in labs but now have all these old chimps and need to get them to new homes (Jane Goodall helping with this)
75
Q

Bonobo Genus

A

Pan Paniscus

76
Q

Robert Yerkes

A
  1. Panzee and Prince Chim (bonobo)
  2. One chimp and one bonobo (at time unknown) and noticed differences
77
Q

How isolated from chimps?

A
  1. Portion of population of chimps isolated below Congo river and interbreed with self and only where bonobos found.
  2. Bolobo river below found where bonobos found (could be typo to get name bonobo)
78
Q

Can you name 3-4 features that distinguish bonobo from common chimp?

A
  1. Geographic location C: Across Equatorial Africa B: DRC (Congo Basin)
  2. Conservation status C: Endangered (P.t.versus CE) B: Endangered
  3. Feeding ecology C: Frugivorous; highly diverse diet including meat; tools B: Fruit and THV; high diversity; meat
  4. Intercommunity interactions C: Territorial; boundary patrols; lethal aggression B: Territorial but no lethal aggression; Extragroup mating and food sharing (meat)
  5. Social structure C: Fission fusion communities; mixed parties common B: Fission Fusion communities; mixed parties common (more cohesive than chimps)
  6. Dominance C: Male dominance B: Female dominance or female-male co-dominance (Females and sons of High Ranking Females)
  7. Female-Female Sociality C: Female dominance hierarchies; weak social bonds B: Females are highly gregarious; G-G ribbing; Female coalitions protect against male aggression
  8. Male-Male Sociality C: Dominance hierarchies; strongly bonded and cooperate B: Dominance hierarchies but rank less defined; weaker social bonds
  9. Reproductive Strategy C: Promiscuous mating, sperm competition, male rank affects reproductive success B: Promiscuous mating, sperm competition, male rank affects reproductive success
  10. Dispersal C: Males remain in natal groups and females disperse B: Males remain in natal groups and females disperse
79
Q

Bonobo locomotion

A
  1. Most suspensory African ape
  2. Excellent climbers
  3. A locomotor paedomorph: Paedomorphic means adult retaining juvenile features (anatomical or behaviors)
  4. Locomotor paedomorph means do a lot of arm swinging as adults whereas chimps slow down and don’t do that as much in old age
80
Q

Diet bonobo

A
  1. Fruit
  2. THV (Terrestrial herbaceous vegetation; lots of pith and everywhere so dont have to break upo or fission as often)
  3. High levels of insects
  4. Honey
  5. Meat
  6. Etc. (Omnivors)
81
Q

Bonobo social structure

A
  1. Fission fusion communities with female dispersal
  2. The critical relationship: Mother and infant (sons particularly)
82
Q

Reproduction (bonobo)

A
  1. Mating is promiscuous
  2. Greater lifetime reproductive success (sexually receptive for longer periods and shorter inter-birth intervals
83
Q

Bonobo who dominates who

A

Females generally dominate males

84
Q

Aggression compared to chimps

A
  1. Less aggressive than chimps
  2. Importance of sex as a non-reproductive tool (disuse tension; Genito-genital rubbing aka GG rubbing)
85
Q

Female power (bonobo)

A
  1. Alpha female
  2. Power alpha female and their sons
86
Q

More cohesive groupings (bonobo)

A
  1. Larger feeding patches
  2. Less seasonality
87
Q

Bonobo conservation

A
  1. Poaching
88
Q

Kanzi

A
  1. Symbolic communication
  2. ◦ Male bonobo
    ◦ Arrived at Georgia Tech university with mother at 6 months old in mid 80s
    ◦ Ape language experiments loosing steam because throat structure different than humans
    ◦ Notion of teaching ape sign language also going down
    ◦ Used pictures (lexograms) to teach symbolic language that correlate to something else to communicate with Kanzi and his mother
    ‣ Mother it didn’t work
    • Taught her 20 symbols
    ‣ Kanzi it did work
    • First day he used 212 symbols
    • While working with his mom, he was in background playing but absorbing information they were teaching his mom
    • Now can use 3000 symbols
    • His original teacher, Sue, now no longer allowed to work with his
    • Still being studied
    ◦ This way of language more accurate because he is picking out what he is saying on the board instead of copying his caretakers like in the Koko example controversy
    • No better than 2-3 year old human child
    ◦ Good on bonobo terms but not our terms
    • What circumstances do apes living in Africa need to be able to speak
    • Seems like when ape is young, easier to learn the languages than older ape

Living Primates (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions