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Living Primates > Chapter 1 Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

The very first primates probably coexisted with the dinosaurs during the

A

Mesozoic era

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2
Q

Fossil record shows primates proliferated during the

A

Cenozoic era (65 mya)

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3
Q

The first primates to evolve are what and did they resemble today’s primates?

A

Basal primates
They did not resemble todays primates

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4
Q

Why did basal primates not resemble todays primates

A
  1. Not yet been adapted to living in trees (arboreal) but instead were ground living and terrestrial
  2. Probably resemble hedgehogs more
  3. Probably had relatively large eyes that faced more to the sides
  4. Timid creatures that moved in a scurrying nervous manner
  5. Keen sense of smell and taste for insects
  6. They were nocturnal (based on characteristics)
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5
Q

What event killed the dinosaurs and 75% of all species of life?

A

The K-T extinction event

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6
Q

What important trait probably helped basal primates survive the K-T event?

A

As nocturnal animals, they were already adapted to the dark
The world was in a sheet of dark dust
After the event resources became available for supporting new species

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7
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Biologists have long wondered about the exact processes that result in a proliferation of new species over time

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8
Q

Most researchers agree that the … is extremely useful for understanding the mechanisms that are responsible for the appearance of new species

A

Theory of natural selection
Species give birth to more offspring that can be supported by available resources where certain individuals with more favorable characteristics are more likely to take advantage of the limited resources to successfully reproduce relatively large #’s of offspring
Frequently genetically based and may be inherited
Certain features naturally selected in future pops and some weeded out

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9
Q

Unnatural selection

A

Animal breeders practice it when they breed stock for certain characteristics

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10
Q

Distant biological species

A

Forces of natural selection continue long enough and separated by geographical boundaries, once-similar populations are likely to differ enough that matings between them would no longer produce viable offspring

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11
Q

Biological species concept

A

Believe that interbreeding cannot occur between members of the two species,

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12
Q

Some primatologist prefer a less-rigid … that recognizes the role of natural selection in shaping new species in different environments, but without strict requirement that interbreeding between the two species be physically impossible

A

Ecological species concept

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13
Q

What is the most important source of information when it comes to dating primates?

A

The primate fossil record

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14
Q

Because of limitations in the fossil record

A

Paleontologists frequently resort to educated guesswork when formulating their interpretations

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15
Q

Fossil record tricky to interpret for a number of reasons

A
  1. Good deal of luck for an animal to become a fossil, must die under circumstances to allow it to become deposited in the kinds of sediments that foster a process in which organic substances are replaced by minerals, why mostly teeth and small fragments of bone
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16
Q

What’s useful to identify species of fossil?

A

Skull and teeth

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17
Q

Postcranium and fossils

A

One really needs to observe the postcranium to assess details of body size and limb proportions that are related to how primates moved

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18
Q

Paleocene Primates

A

65-55 mya

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19
Q

Because of … the geography of the world during the Paleocene epoch appeared much different from the geography today

A

Continental drift
Distribution of primates changed with drifting continents

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20
Q

Example of paleontologists needing to revise their overall view of primate evolution

A

In early 1990s in the case of Paleocene fossils from North America and Europe known as PLEASIADAPIFORMS which were traditionally thought to represent the oldest known primates

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21
Q

Plesiadapiforms

A

Lacks typical primate features like post orbital bar and forward facing eyes but has some like auditory bulla
Represented first by mostly jaws, teeth, and smashed skulls until 1990 in Wyoming discovery of first intact skill and some unstudied fingers
Had a number of non primate features

22
Q

Eocene Primates

A

55-36 mya

23
Q

Fossil primates have been found in Eocene deposits in

A

North America, Europe, Africa, and China

24
Q

Fossil evidence regarding the forms of the teeth and the sizes of the body and eyes indicate that … were tiny nocturnal primates that are insects and fruit

A

Omomyoids

25
Q

Example of a living fossil or structural ancestor

A

Tarsiers that look like modern forms inhabited Chinese forests 45 mya then Tarsius is the dramatic example

26
Q

Omomyoids also known as

A

First Wave Primates

27
Q

Adapids

A

Also abundant in N America and Europe
Larger than omomyoids
Preferred eating fruits and leaves
May have been diurnal although fossil evidence regarding relative size of eyes is difficult to interpret
Some believe they gave rise to lemurs and lorises
Second Wave Primates

28
Q

Who evolved by Eocene times

A

Ancestors of first monkeys, simians or early anthropoids

29
Q

The arboreal theory

A

The primate pattern resulted from natural selection for features that permitted early primates to live in trees

30
Q

Attributes of arboreal theory

A

Collarbones, finger/toenails, two bones in forearm, grasping hands and feet permit stability of the shoulder, increased mobility of the arm, and good grasping and manipulative ability of the hands and feet

31
Q

Feature of eyes moving from side to front facilitates three dimensional depth perception or

A

Stereoscopic vision

32
Q

Visual predation hypothesis (bug-snatching theory)

A

Cartmill suggests that grasping and visual abilities of earliest primates were selected in conjunction with seeing and catching insects

33
Q

Expansive Tissue hypothesis

A

Because the brain and guts consume much more of the body’s energy than do many other tissue so it suggests that a trade-off occurred in which the development of enlarged brains was based on a commensurate reduction in gut size that required a shift to a higher quality diet

34
Q

Oligocene Primates

A

36-24 mya

35
Q

What contributed to the extinction of local populations of prosimians

A

Cooler drier climates in Europe and N America

36
Q

Oligocene is the appearance of the earliest known

A

Monkeys in S America

37
Q

Fayum Depression site in Cairo Egypt

A

Site of a lot of Oligocene primate fossils
60s revealed diversity of arboreal quadrupedal primates with varying amounts of leaping abilities

38
Q

Best known Fayum primate was

A

Aegyptopothecus zeuxis
Largest Fayum primate 8kg
Short limbed, heavily muscled, diurnal primates, same number and general kinds of teeth as modern Old World monkeys and apes, teeth are primitive, hard to classify if monkey or ape
Some say more Hominoids (closer to Miocene apes, living apes, and humans) and some say more catarrhines (OW primates)

39
Q

Miocene Primates

A

24-5 mya

40
Q

Variety of apes had evolved in

A

Tropical forests and woodlands of Eastern Africa

41
Q

Had many postcranial features common with

A

Quadrupedal monkeys

42
Q

Miocene Primates had more … teeth

A

Furgivorous
Climate cooler and drier, tropical forests replaced by woodlands
Molars became larger with thicker enamel for chewing hard gritty plant food (more folivorous)

43
Q

Example of Miocene primate

A

Proconsul
When found, enough range of individuals to chart its growth
Ape like big toe and lack of tail
Monkey like wrists and limb proportions
Cautious slow moving arboreal quadruped
Relatively large brain and frontal sinus (found in African apes and humans)

44
Q

Plio-Pleistocene Primates

A

5 mya to 10,000 years ago

45
Q

Pliocene and Pleistocene or Ice Age

A

Plio: 5-1.8 mya
Ice Age: 1.8mya to 10,000 years ago

46
Q

PP Primates beginning global temps

A

Falling as increasing amounts of water became locked up in ice sheets

47
Q

Drier climate caused equatorial forests to

A

Shrink causing savannahs

48
Q

PP has no ape fossil record but does have

A

OWM and NWM in fossil record

49
Q

In PP the first

A

Hominids (future humans) emerged

50
Q

Individual specimens are dated

A

By various scientific techniques that estimate the ages of sediments around it or other contemporary species
Often difficult to infer precise dates when species originated

Living Primates (5 decks)

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