From Review Session 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Three kinds of questions

A
  1. Make a list (provide 3-5 features that distinguish group x from y) (make clear what group you’re feature refers to) (Anthropoids have large brains vs Anthropoids have larger brains than prosimians)
  2. Fill in the blank
  3. (Very) short answer
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2
Q

List five features that distinguish anthropoids from prosimians

A
  1. Larger
  2. Diurnal
  3. No tapetum lucidum
  4. More orbital frontation
  5. Shorter snout
  6. More conservative teeth
  7. Larger brain
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3
Q

How did anthropoids get to the New World (Americas) from the Old World (Africa)?

A

Rafting (most likely)

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4
Q

Anthropoids in the New World =

A

Platyrrhines

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5
Q

Platyrrhines

A
  1. = New World Monkeys
  2. = “flat nosed” (circular nostrils)
  3. Break up into 4 groups
    Callitrichines, Cebines, Atelines, Pithecines
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6
Q

General Platyrrhine Features

A
  1. Small-medium sized monkeys
  2. Dental formula = 2133 (for most) (Except Callitrichines)
  3. Purely arboreal
  4. SOME have specialized “Prehensile” tails (Atelines have prehensile tails)
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7
Q

Callitrichines

A
  1. The “odd” ones
  2. = Beautiful hair
  3. Marmosets, Tamarins, Goeldi’s Monkey
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8
Q

What are the distinctive features of the Callitrichines?

A
  1. Question 7
  2. Upper 1st molar has only 3 cusps (Simple molars)
  3. 2132 dental formula
  4. Digital claws
  5. Twins
  6. Tail NOT prehensile
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9
Q

Why twins? (Callitrichines)

A
  1. Selective agent predation
  2. Because of slides (next slide) caused COMMUNAL REARING SYSTEM, including multiple males cause wonder who is father (polyandry)
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10
Q

Callitrichines are considered “Phyletic dwarfs”…

A
  1. Small body size evolved as an anti-predation strategy
  2. Mother’s weights decreased faster than litter weight
  3. Thus, if they gave birth to single offspring, the infants would be relatively enormous
  4. This, divide the obstetric load in two … twins!
  5. Twinning required additional “care”
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11
Q

Adaptive Significance for polyandrous males (What does helping do?)

A
  1. Lactating females are stressed and don’t carry infants long distances
  2. If only single male present, he would have to carry infants all the time
  3. Lone reproductive pair would have a difficult time
  4. Thus, group should accept a second male
  5. To be feasible, both males should ultimately have equal chance of paternity and not be able to detect when females are ovulating
  6. Even if a male were not the father of EVERY infant he helped raise over his lifetime, he would raise enough of his OWN offspring to benefit from his helping behavior
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12
Q

Multiple helper males with …

A

Paternity uncertainty

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13
Q

The Common Marmoset
Callithrix jacchus

A
  1. 70-80% diet is gum (Bite bark hand from tree to get gum/sap/exodate) (Why claws evolved)
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14
Q

The Golden Lion Tamarin

A

Brought back from brink of extinction

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15
Q

Goeldi’s Monkey

A
  1. 2133 dental formula
  2. Claws
  3. Single birth
  4. Avoids gum
  5. Highest shearing crests of any platyrrhine (fungus)
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16
Q

Cebines species

A

Capuchin monkeys and Squirrel monkeys

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17
Q

Capuchin monkey (cebus)

A
  1. Organ grinder monkeys
  2. Very smart
  3. Named after capuchin monks
  4. Use stone tools to open nuts
  5. Number of features in brains of capuchins more similar to OWM than other NWM’s (in textbook) (See pg 2 for picture) (Given picture and point out capuchin) (ARCUATE feature in capuchin and OW not NW)
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18
Q

Squirrel monkeys (Saimin)

A
  1. Dental formula 2133
  2. Locomotion: Generalized arboreal quadruped and good leapers
  3. Frugivores and insectivores diet
  4. Multi male/female social system
  5. Male reproductive behavior: Increased estrogen fill with more water (retain) and bulk up and more vivid colors to be chosen by females
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19
Q

Pithecines

A
  1. Seed predators
  2. Massive jaws, front teeth provide grip and crack open large nuts with back molars
  3. Hard object specialists
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20
Q

Atelines

A
  1. Know how to answer who are the Atelines?
  2. Know how to answer what post cranial features unite Atelines (Prehensile tail)
  3. True prehensile tailed monkeys
  4. 2133
  5. Largest platyrrhines
  6. Dietary diversity
  7. Long hind/forelimbs
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21
Q

Examples of Atelines

A
  1. Spider monkey
  2. Woolly monkey
  3. Woolly spider monkey
  4. Howler monkey
22
Q

Howler monkey

A
  1. Eat a lot of leaves
  2. Not very smart
  3. Small home ranges
  4. Large shearing crests on molars
  5. Make loud sound inflate hyoid bone to make it a chamber
  6. Remarkable voice box
23
Q

Aotines

A
  1. Owl or Night monkeys
  2. Not sure which of four groups it fits into
  3. Doesn’t get malaria
  4. Only Nocturnal anthropoid
  5. Large eyes (doesn’t have tapetum lucidum)
  6. Small olfactory bulb
  7. Daytime sleeping tree (Absense of predator) (Return to diurnality)
24
Q

Higher primates (anthropoids) of old world

A

= Catarrhines

25
Q

What is a catarrhine?

A
  1. Old world anthropoids
  2. Nostrils are narrow and face down
  3. Dental formula 2123
  4. Many have ischial callosities (hip bone expanded on either side that is calloused and help owners not go off branch (seating pads/butt pads))
  5. Arboreal and terrestrial
  6. Larger
  7. Bony ear tubes
26
Q

Some catarrhine females have …

A
  1. Sexual swellings
  2. Associated with multi male/female groups and promiscuous mating
27
Q

Cercopithecoids =

A

Old World Monkeys

28
Q

Hominoids =

A

Apes

29
Q

Cercopithecoid Features

A
  1. Bilophodont molars
  2. Narrow nose
  3. Narrow palate
  4. Narrow elbow articulation
  5. All have seating pads (ischial callosities)
  6. Tail
30
Q

Colobine Features

A
  1. Largely folivorous
  2. Rumen
  3. Colobus = mutilated (from hands, short and absent thumbs)
31
Q

More Cercopithecine Features

A
  1. Frugivorous
  2. Orbits close together
  3. Low vaulted skull
  4. Shallow jaw
  5. Rounded low cusps on molars
  6. Cheek pouches
  7. Short or long tail
  8. Arms and legs of similar size
  9. Well-developed thumbs
32
Q

More Colobine Features

A
  1. Widely spaced orbits
  2. Narrow incisors
  3. Short, broad face
  4. Deep jaw
  5. Large, multi chamber stomach
  6. Very long tail
  7. Long legs
  8. Short or absent thumbs
33
Q

Colobine Types (African)

A
  1. Black and white, red, olive colobus monkeys
  2. Lots of black and white colobus species
  3. Red very ecologically sensitive and not very bright
  4. Red do not respond well to captivity so why in danger
34
Q

Colobine Types (Asian)

A
  1. Diversity much higher
  2. Odd nosed monkeys (Proboscis monkey and snub nosed colobines)
  3. Lots of babies have very different coat so community can help watch and protect them from predators (Allomothering high)
  4. Infanticide and its adaptive significance (Herdy argued, Polygynous group where one male takes over other male’s group so new leader kills off babies that are nursing so that he can restart estrus and get them to ovulate to make his own children)
    (Under those conditions Herdy argued infant killing will occur)
35
Q

Cercopithecine 3 trends

A
  1. Short arms, long legs
  2. Even legs and arms
  3. Bipedal
36
Q

Can you explain what makes this (given example)

A
  1. An anthropoid
  2. A catarrhine
  3. A Cercopithecoid
  4. A Cercopithecine (cheek pouches)
37
Q

Guenons

A
  1. Arboreal vs. Semi-terrestrial guenons
  2. Arboreal = trees, active, loud, brightly colored, found in polyspecific association
  3. Semi-terrestrial = drab, cryptic, quiet, smaller groups, AVOIDS other species to avoid predators (Allenopithecus - Allen’s Swamp Monkey)
38
Q

What is a polyspecific association?

A

When different species come together for protection, feed together because not too much competition (fruit and leaf eater), form to reduce predation risks

39
Q

Refuge Theory (Guenons)
(Look more into)

A

All guenons spread across Africa, major cooling events, separated because of this, specific pockets only breed with each other, create/evolved own traits and reproductively isolated, when ice retreated came back together and why look similar under hair but have different coat colors and they live together (polyspecific association)

40
Q

How had the guenon adapted to life on the Savannah?

A
  1. Body is brown and blends into tall grass
  2. Sky blue testes that are only for sexual selection
  3. Bad because predators can spot it
41
Q

Vervets have …

A
  1. Responded to selective pressures of predation and have predator specific alarm calls
  2. Different guenons can understand each others calls to know which predator around
42
Q

Patas monkey life history

A
  1. How shaped by predation pressure? (Grow up very quickly)
43
Q

Example of Multi-level societies starting with One Male Units

A
  1. Hamadrygous Baboon (very popular and sacred in Egyptian society shown through statures, gods, etc.)
  2. Gelada Baboon (coat like yak) (Sexual swellings on chest (females) because eat grass and have tall grass so cannot see butt where swellings usually are so swelling migrated to chest so males can see it)
  3. Mandrill
44
Q

Mangabey Features

A
  1. Long and slender limbs
  2. Sunken cheeks
  3. Contrasting eyelids
  4. Similar vocalizations (Whoop-Gobble)
  5. 2 groups (Arboreal mangabeys = Lophocebus; Terrestrial mangabeys = Cercocebus)
45
Q

The Mangabey Problem
On Test fill in genera on tree (given scientific names)

A
  1. Past and present view of relatives
  2. Traditional view was two mangabey groups each other’s closest relations (because of whoop-gobble)
  3. NOPE
  4. Old view baboon evolved into very colorful mandrill (NOT TRUE)
  5. Terrestrial Mangabeys and Mandrills related (sister taxon = closest relative)
  6. Arboreal mangabeys and baboons related (sister taxon = closest relative)
  7. Mangabeys are not a natural group
46
Q

Multi-male societies

A
  1. Macaca (Most widespread non-human species)
  2. Rhesus monkey
  3. Savannah baboons
47
Q

Macacas

A
  1. Most species medium sized, grey-brown monkeys, that are predominately terrestrial but good everywhere, intense sperm competition, true omnivores, super monkey
  2. Ex Japanese macacas
  3. Imo - Proto cultural behavior (Sweet potatoes given to group, she washed the sand off and added salt from water to potato, cultural behavior passed down through generations)
  4. Rhesus monkey
48
Q

Savannah Baboons

A
  1. Papio
  2. Anthropological primatology (carried out research on them to understand anthropological questions (how survive on Savannah, how hunt, etc.))
  3. Cape Town issue of baboons taking over and going into homes
  4. Classic baboon Model (See next slide)
49
Q

Classic Baboon Model
(Look more into later)

A
  1. Tenets and architects of model (look up more)
  2. Look to alpha male first (Get into most fights, break up most fights, mate with most females, submit to alpha, canines super sharp)
  3. Largely female architects (Get rid of alpha male model because unless have female support, you have no power and not accepted)
  4. Male and female dominance hierarchies (High ranking male pro-Increase access to females; High ranking female pro-Better access to food (Females do have aggression but side effects (See next Slide)))
50
Q

Balancing Selection

A
  1. High ranking females have priority access to food and are, therefore, less stressed
  2. High ranking females have SHORTER INTERBIRTH INTERVALS and HIGHER INFANT SURVIVAL RATES
  3. High rank is often achieved by successful aggressive encounters
  4. Q: What prevents females from continually escalating their aggression?
  5. A: Really aggressive females tend to have more male sex hormones that interfere with conception
  6. Some high ranked females have more miscarriages and reduced fertility than low ranked females