Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Living Primates > From Review Session > Flashcards

From Review Session Flashcards

(86 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

List four features that define primates

A
  1. Forward facing eye sockets
  2. Post orbital bar
  3. Petrosal bulla
  4. Fingernails and toenails instead of claws
    (Other) shortened snout with at least 3 types of teeth, collarbone, radius and ulna and tibia and fibula, grasping hands and feet with mobile thumbs, vertical posture, longer lives and stages of life, enlarged brains, increased areas of seeing and decreased in smelling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the intermembral index? How is it calculated? What does it indicate? (Note three parts)

A

The intermembral index is the relative limb length quantified in a ratio
It is calculated by humerus length + radius length/ femur length + tibia length
It indicates arm to leg ratio which indicates if the species is a leaper as leapers have low intermembral index meaning they have longer legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are primates

A

Linnaeus created order primates
Grouped together based on similar features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does information on this 160 million year old fossil tell us about
1. The earliest Eutherian mammal
2. The general morphology of primates today

A

We have retained many features of early Eutherian mammal as primates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List number of cranial (skull) features that define primates

A

Olfaction (reduce smell increase vision reliance with forward facing eyes), post orbital bar, Petrosal bulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List number of postcranial (limbs) features that define primates

A

Grasping hands and feet, clavicle, nails instead of claws, forearm (radius and ulna) and leg (tibia and fibula)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Primates are (great majority)

A

Tropical arboreal mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Primate adaptations

A

Layers of rain forest
Utilize and adapt to different layers of rainforest so less competition with others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Reproductive strategies

A

Members of the sex that invest less in terms of reproduction compete for the sex that invests more
Males go after females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Because males compete for females the distribution of males and the types of social groups that primates form are

A

Constrained by the density and distribution of females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

More male reproductive strategies

A

Males fight each other physically
Not always brute strength and still climb hierarchy
Infanticide way to compete with each other
Sperm competition (access to egg over mate, chimps, bigger deposit winner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do primates live in groups

A

Group living has costs and benefits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the costs and benefits of primates living in groups

A

Benefits: mates resources protection
Costs: competition travel for food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What determines how females distribute themselves across the landscape/what are females (generally) most concerned with finding

A

Food for gestation and lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What determines males distribute across landscape/ what are males most concerned with finding

A

Female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Some species where male and female are

A

Monogamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Other species

A

Multi male/female groups up to 600 individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Social Organization

A

Dispersed polygyny (noyau), polygny (one male multi female), monogamy, polyandry, multi male group, one male group, fission-fusion,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Heterodonty

A

Possessing multiple tooth types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dental Formula
1. What is it
2. How determined
3. Human dental formula
4. What dental formula says about diet

A
  1. Number of each tooth type in each of the four quadrants
  2. Quadrants in mouth (#incisors, #canine, #premolars, #molars)
  3. 2.1.2.3
  4. Not much but features of teeth help with diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dietary Categories

A

Frugivores-fruit
Folivores-leaves
Insectivores-insects
Gumivores-exudate/sap
Granivores-seeds
Carnivores-meat
Omnivores-multiple (in general)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Kay’s Threshold

A

Over 500 grams of body size not really insectivorous
Not able to sustain energy costs on just eating insects cause too small and harder to catch them if large primates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Relationship of teeth and food material properties

A

Size and shape of incisors and cusps on molars
Tall incisor size frugivores
Shearing cusps on molars folivorous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Knuckle walking

A

Large, long fingers need to be that way for trees but on ground (terrestrial quadrapedialism) need them tucked away so walk on knuckles cause had to lift hands before knuckle walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Diet and brain size
Folivores have smaller brains cause leaves are everywhere Frugivores have larger brains cause need to remember where it is, get there before others, and tell which ones are good to eat
26
Many things to look at with
Vertical clingers and leapers
27
Terrestrial quadruped
Limb length long Limb orientation stability and flexible Shorter tail Shorter hands and feet
28
Intermembral index
Humerus length + radius length / femur length +tibia length Leapers have low intermembral index so longer legs
29
Life history features
Longer gestation periods Reduced number of offspring More efficient mean of fetal nourishment Increased parental investment Long periods of infant dependency Long juvenile Longer lifespan Greater reliance on flexible learned behavior
30
What is a primate?
Tendency towards erect posture (orthogrady) Flexible, generalized limb structure Unfused bones in forearm and leg Clavicle Hands and feet with high degree of prehensility brought about by retention of 5 digits, opposable thumbs, nails (vs claws), tactile pads Reduced sense of smell Eyes rotated forward Post-orbital bar, Petrosal bulla, Larger brain, binocular and color and stereoscopic vision, longer gestation period, reduced # of offspring, more efficient fetal nourishment, increased parental care, greater reliance on flexible, learned behavior
31
Primate evolution
Cenozoic (65mya to present) Paleocene (65-55) Primate precursors (plesiodapiformes) Eocene (55-36) Appearance of 1st true primates Oligocene (36-24) Anthropoids arrive Miocene (23-5) Myriad of apes
32
Who were the plesiadapiformes and why do we care about them
Precursors for primates, not a primate, best candidate for primate ancestor They were very successful, didn’t have postorbital bar so not primate
33
Were plesiadapiformes primates
No no postorbital bar, had claws, no grasping hands or feet, not primate features
34
Why are they a reasonable candidate for primate ancestor?
Enough premolars (4)
35
Two major groups in Eocene primates
The lemur like Adapoids The tarsier like Omomyoids One feature support this is bell shaped palate
36
Adapoids
Example Nothaectus Many ways resemble lemurs Remain unchanged 50 million years Anthropoids not there
37
Adapoid features
1. Most primitive of all known primates 2. Generally larger than plesiadapiformes and omomyoids 3. Have primitive dental formula of 2.1.4.3 4. Larger brains than plesiadapiformes 5. Post orbital bars 6. Likely diurnal 7. More acrobatic locomotion
38
Omomyoid features
1. Tarsier-like 2. Smaller than adapids 3. Partial post-orbital closure 4. Bell shaped palate 5. Large eyes suggest nocturnal its 6. Postcranial features similar to tarsiers Long ankle bones and grasping hands and feet
39
Fayum
Lots of Oligocene fossils found there
40
Platyrrhines
Ex. Apidium Good ancestor for platyrrhines cause of 2133 dental formula, larger brain, postorbital closure, fused frontal bone
41
Catarrhines
Ex. Aegyptopithecus Little before OW monkeys on chart cause of 2123
42
Ape diversity today
Miocene (23-5 mya) many primates Proconsul Over 100 species of Miocene apes identified to date Gigantopithcus (supposed Sasquatch)
43
Prosimian means
Before apes
44
Primate branch to
Prosimian and anthropoids on chart
45
What is a prosimian
United or defined by the retention of primitive primate characters and their lack of “advanced” or derived features seen in higher primates Having bare minimum characteristic to be considered a primate
46
Features of a prosimian (6-8)
Greater reliance on olfaction Large Jacobson’s Organ and Large Olfactory Bulb (smell) Rhinarium (wet nose) Post orbital bar (no closure) Smaller brain than higher primates More laterally directed orbits Unfused frontal bones Unfused mandibular symphysis Tooth comb Toilet/grooming claw Nocturnal (tapetum lucidum) Noyau Vertical clinging and leaping Less dexterous hands than higher primates
47
Prosimians have three groups
Lorisoformes (galagos (af) and lorises (as and af)) Lemurs Tarsiers
48
Lorisiformes
Bushbaby, lorises Lorises slow moving cryptic movers Bushbabies bounce, great leapers Primitive features like sense of smell, urine armpit other ones Social system Noyau
49
Lorisiformes features
Primitive features Small bodied Nocturnal Olfaction very important Noyau High degree of insectivory
50
Slow loris is a good prosimian
(More) laterally directed orbits Small brain Unfused frontal bones Unfused mandible Toothcomb Post-orbital bar (only)
51
When No Anthropoids
Adapid-like migrant OWM like Large and Terrestrial Ape-like Diurnal Large and Arboreal (suspensory) NWM like
52
Loris venomous story
Effects of a bite Thought long time it was venomous Actually a reaction similar to anaphylactic shock like cat scratch Brachial gland, licks it, and then predators have a reaction
53
Lemur gets to Africa story
No competition till us Got there probably from when land split in Pangea
54
5 families of lemurs
Lemuridae-ringtailed lemur Megaladapidae-Sportive lemur Cheirogalidae-Mouse lemur Indriidae-Indri Daubentoniidae-Aye-aye
55
The indriids
Dental Formula 2123/2023 Lots became extinct cause we killed them all Not intact fauna cause all big ones driven to extinction Know above from bones with cut marks on them Madagascar falling apart cause cutting trees, not protecting soil, washing away into ocean
56
Explain general behaviors of mouse lemur
Small, nocturnal, noyau, arboreal
57
Explain atypical ways of ring tailed lemur
Diurnal, terrestrial, multi male/female groups Heavy olfaction reliance (stink fights)
58
What are the features of the aye-aye
Most specialized of all primates Act as woodpecker with beaver like teeth Ever growing Bat like ears 2 claws retained from ancestral mammal 3rd digit greatly elongated and thin, ball and socket joint connected to palm rotate 360 degrees Large brained prosimian Only living member of family left Massive hands and feet Dental formula 1013/1003 Enormous incisors Postorbital bar only Noyau Knaw into trees to get insects Highly endangered cause of deforestation and people seeing them as sign of evil so kill them and display to ward off other evil
59
Aye aye eating ways
Why it has long third finger Tap on bark (ecolocation like), listen (with bat like ears) for grub movement, uses big beaver-like teeth to knaw at bark, uses finger to get food from hole and make hole bigger and stab food
60
Tarsier
Looks like other prosimians Many ways primitive (postorbital plate, large hands and feet, long tarsal bone, unfused mandibal) Many higher primate features (almost complete post orbital plate, no tooth comb) Many unique features (2133/1133, grooming claw on third and second digit, fused tibia and fibula)
61
Circulatory feature
Internal carotid artery Why care? Send blood to brain and middle ear Lorises & galgoes (Ascending pharyngeal on internal carotid) Lemurs (stapedial branch) Tarsiers (Promotory)
62
Moonlight
Many nocturnal primates reduce foraging and movement in moonlight cause diurnal animals/predators can hunt better Tarsiers increase activity Why? Benefits outweigh costs (Yes more food) Are adjustments made (Yes forage more together)
63
Big Chart
Focus on tarsier cause share feature with both prosimians and anthropoids Prosimian like lemurs and lorises Haplorhini like monkeys, apes, humans
64
Higher Primate in Old World (Catarrhines) Dental Formula
2123
65
Higher primates in New World (Platyrrhines) Dental Formula
2133
66
Eutherian (placental) mammal
Eomaia, pointy snout, 150 mya, super tiny, primitive mammalian features, some variants favored over others, primates have not diverged much from ancestor, kept many primitive characteristics, lack many derived features,
67
Many things correlate with diet
Incisors-ingestion, pre/molars-breakdown, distribution of fruit vs leaves leaves to different size in teeth, apple need more incisor width to eat into it and flat molars, leaves need more ridged, sharp molars to break down leaves
68
Four male reproductive strategies
1. Fight, canines #1 intimidation factor 2. Climbing social ladder 3. Most sperm (sperm competition), biggest genetalia 4. Infanticide
69
Dif in social systems
Polygynous- 1 m milti f Polyandrous- 1 f multi m Polygamous- multi m/f Monogamous- 1 m/f
70
Most primates use … where few offspring are born at once, develop slow, well cared by one or both parents
K-selection
71
Wants of dif quadrupeds
A: want to lower center of gravity for balance and stability T: want to increase speed Limbs tail and hands/feet designed for that Limb orientation A flex T rigid
72
Intermembral Index
H+R/F+T Forelimb/Hindlimb Force applied to femur, distance can leap proportional to force it takes to go Hind limb longer = better leaper (mostly)
73
Dif suspensions
S1 arm to arm swinging under branches S2 Use all four limbs to move, grasp and tree sway S3 Use of tail
74
Purgatorius DF
3143 Why good primate ancestor
75
Adapoid DF
2143
76
Defining feature of anthropoids
Postorbital closure
77
Two features that define an ape
No tail and Lower molars Y-5 (5 cusps, y in between cusps)
78
Galagos
Super primate cause not doing bad cause very adaptive Bush Baby Noyau Good leaper Postorbital bar Nocturnal
79
Lorises
Small and nocturnal, slow, retina mirabilia: dense complexes of arteries and veins, allows blood to flow even when individual still for long time, Asia Potto (an African loris) Rinarium, powerful hands and feet, Noyau, Nocturnal, small, barbs on neck and tuck head when threatened and barbs stick out
80
Lemuridae Ring tailed lemur
Diurnal, terrestrial prosimian, longer hind limbs, home trees and ground, VCL, Retain light-reflecting tapetum, rhinarium, usuaual because of nocturnal and diurnal adaptations, SW Mad, groups 13-15, females stay in natal groups, dominance in females, forage opportunistically, single offspring,
81
Megaladapidae Sportive Lemur
VCL, leaves, nocturnal, DF 0133/2133, round ears, long brown tail, S Mad, gallery forests, copes with poor diet through inactivity, solitary and pairs, dispersed polygynous, Breeding seasonal one offspring, baby parking, habitat destroyed from fires, overgrazing, humans hunting them
82
Cheirogaleidae Mouse Lemur
Nocturnal quadruped, long body, shor legs, small, some hibernate ~6 months, smallest living primate in world, retains numerous primitive features, females larger than males, severest predator pressure, pointed nose, large ears, big eyes, lacks scent glans, omnivores, dispersed polygyny, give birth 2-3 infants so 2 pair nipples, 1 year old can reproduce
83
Indridae Indri
VCL, DF 2123/2023, heavier, fully diurnal, East coast mad, rely on plants, fruits, flowers, dirt, monogamous, 1 offspring every 2-3 years
84
Daubentoniidae Aye-aye
DF 1013/1003, Notctunal, good luck or evil, tail long and bushy, claws except big toe, third digit thin, beaver ever growing teeth, enormous ears, Mad E coast, arboreal quadrupeds, Brain size surprisingly large for body size, dont know social organization, forage alone, one offspring at time
85
Prosimian dental formula
2133/2133
86
Prosimians
Tooth comb, lack closure, unfused met and low jaw, grooming claw 2nd digit, long muzzle, moist nose, VCL,

Living Primates (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions