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Living Primates > From Review Session > Flashcards

From Review Session Flashcards

1
Q

List four features that define primates

A
  1. Forward facing eye sockets
  2. Post orbital bar
  3. Petrosal bulla
  4. Fingernails and toenails instead of claws
    (Other) shortened snout with at least 3 types of teeth, collarbone, radius and ulna and tibia and fibula, grasping hands and feet with mobile thumbs, vertical posture, longer lives and stages of life, enlarged brains, increased areas of seeing and decreased in smelling
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2
Q

What is the intermembral index? How is it calculated? What does it indicate? (Note three parts)

A

The intermembral index is the relative limb length quantified in a ratio
It is calculated by humerus length + radius length/ femur length + tibia length
It indicates arm to leg ratio which indicates if the species is a leaper as leapers have low intermembral index meaning they have longer legs

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3
Q

What are primates

A

Linnaeus created order primates
Grouped together based on similar features

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4
Q

What does information on this 160 million year old fossil tell us about
1. The earliest Eutherian mammal
2. The general morphology of primates today

A

We have retained many features of early Eutherian mammal as primates

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5
Q

List number of cranial (skull) features that define primates

A

Olfaction (reduce smell increase vision reliance with forward facing eyes), post orbital bar, Petrosal bulla

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6
Q

List number of postcranial (limbs) features that define primates

A

Grasping hands and feet, clavicle, nails instead of claws, forearm (radius and ulna) and leg (tibia and fibula)

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7
Q

Primates are (great majority)

A

Tropical arboreal mammals

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8
Q

Primate adaptations

A

Layers of rain forest
Utilize and adapt to different layers of rainforest so less competition with others

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9
Q

Reproductive strategies

A

Members of the sex that invest less in terms of reproduction compete for the sex that invests more
Males go after females

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10
Q

Because males compete for females the distribution of males and the types of social groups that primates form are

A

Constrained by the density and distribution of females

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11
Q

More male reproductive strategies

A

Males fight each other physically
Not always brute strength and still climb hierarchy
Infanticide way to compete with each other
Sperm competition (access to egg over mate, chimps, bigger deposit winner)

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12
Q

Why do primates live in groups

A

Group living has costs and benefits

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13
Q

What are the costs and benefits of primates living in groups

A

Benefits: mates resources protection
Costs: competition travel for food

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14
Q

What determines how females distribute themselves across the landscape/what are females (generally) most concerned with finding

A

Food for gestation and lactation

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15
Q

What determines males distribute across landscape/ what are males most concerned with finding

A

Female

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16
Q

Some species where male and female are

A

Monogamous

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17
Q

Other species

A

Multi male/female groups up to 600 individuals

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18
Q

Social Organization

A

Dispersed polygyny (noyau), polygny (one male multi female), monogamy, polyandry, multi male group, one male group, fission-fusion,

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19
Q

Heterodonty

A

Possessing multiple tooth types

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20
Q

Dental Formula
1. What is it
2. How determined
3. Human dental formula
4. What dental formula says about diet

A
  1. Number of each tooth type in each of the four quadrants
  2. Quadrants in mouth (#incisors, #canine, #premolars, #molars)
  3. 2.1.2.3
  4. Not much but features of teeth help with diet
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21
Q

Dietary Categories

A

Frugivores-fruit
Folivores-leaves
Insectivores-insects
Gumivores-exudate/sap
Granivores-seeds
Carnivores-meat
Omnivores-multiple (in general)

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22
Q

Kay’s Threshold

A

Over 500 grams of body size not really insectivorous
Not able to sustain energy costs on just eating insects cause too small and harder to catch them if large primates

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23
Q

Relationship of teeth and food material properties

A

Size and shape of incisors and cusps on molars
Tall incisor size frugivores
Shearing cusps on molars folivorous

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24
Q

Knuckle walking

A

Large, long fingers need to be that way for trees but on ground (terrestrial quadrapedialism) need them tucked away so walk on knuckles cause had to lift hands before knuckle walking

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25
Q

Diet and brain size

A

Folivores have smaller brains cause leaves are everywhere
Frugivores have larger brains cause need to remember where it is, get there before others, and tell which ones are good to eat

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26
Q

Many things to look at with

A

Vertical clingers and leapers

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27
Q

Terrestrial quadruped

A

Limb length long
Limb orientation stability and flexible
Shorter tail
Shorter hands and feet

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28
Q

Intermembral index

A

Humerus length + radius length / femur length +tibia length
Leapers have low intermembral index so longer legs

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29
Q

Life history features

A

Longer gestation periods
Reduced number of offspring
More efficient mean of fetal nourishment
Increased parental investment
Long periods of infant dependency
Long juvenile
Longer lifespan
Greater reliance on flexible learned behavior

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30
Q

What is a primate?

A

Tendency towards erect posture (orthogrady)
Flexible, generalized limb structure
Unfused bones in forearm and leg
Clavicle
Hands and feet with high degree of prehensility brought about by retention of 5 digits, opposable thumbs, nails (vs claws), tactile pads
Reduced sense of smell
Eyes rotated forward
Post-orbital bar, Petrosal bulla, Larger brain, binocular and color and stereoscopic vision, longer gestation period, reduced # of offspring, more efficient fetal nourishment, increased parental care, greater reliance on flexible, learned behavior

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31
Q

Primate evolution

A

Cenozoic (65mya to present)
Paleocene (65-55) Primate precursors (plesiodapiformes)
Eocene (55-36) Appearance of 1st true primates
Oligocene (36-24) Anthropoids arrive
Miocene (23-5) Myriad of apes

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32
Q

Who were the plesiadapiformes and why do we care about them

A

Precursors for primates, not a primate, best candidate for primate ancestor
They were very successful, didn’t have postorbital bar so not primate

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33
Q

Were plesiadapiformes primates

A

No no postorbital bar, had claws, no grasping hands or feet, not primate features

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34
Q

Why are they a reasonable candidate for primate ancestor?

A

Enough premolars (4)

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35
Q

Two major groups in Eocene primates

A

The lemur like Adapoids
The tarsier like Omomyoids
One feature support this is bell shaped palate

36
Q

Adapoids

A

Example Nothaectus
Many ways resemble lemurs
Remain unchanged
50 million years
Anthropoids not there

37
Q

Adapoid features

A
  1. Most primitive of all known primates
  2. Generally larger than plesiadapiformes and omomyoids
  3. Have primitive dental formula of 2.1.4.3
  4. Larger brains than plesiadapiformes
  5. Post orbital bars
  6. Likely diurnal
  7. More acrobatic locomotion
38
Q

Omomyoid features

A
  1. Tarsier-like
  2. Smaller than adapids
  3. Partial post-orbital closure
  4. Bell shaped palate
  5. Large eyes suggest nocturnal its
  6. Postcranial features similar to tarsiers
    Long ankle bones and grasping hands and feet
39
Q

Fayum

A

Lots of Oligocene fossils found there

40
Q

Platyrrhines

A

Ex. Apidium
Good ancestor for platyrrhines cause of 2133 dental formula, larger brain, postorbital closure, fused frontal bone

41
Q

Catarrhines

A

Ex. Aegyptopithecus
Little before OW monkeys on chart cause of 2123

42
Q

Ape diversity today

A

Miocene (23-5 mya) many primates
Proconsul
Over 100 species of Miocene apes identified to date
Gigantopithcus (supposed Sasquatch)

43
Q

Prosimian means

A

Before apes

44
Q

Primate branch to

A

Prosimian and anthropoids on chart

45
Q

What is a prosimian

A

United or defined by the retention of primitive primate characters and their lack of “advanced” or derived features seen in higher primates
Having bare minimum characteristic to be considered a primate

46
Q

Features of a prosimian (6-8)

A

Greater reliance on olfaction
Large Jacobson’s Organ and Large Olfactory Bulb (smell)
Rhinarium (wet nose)
Post orbital bar (no closure)
Smaller brain than higher primates
More laterally directed orbits
Unfused frontal bones
Unfused mandibular symphysis
Tooth comb
Toilet/grooming claw
Nocturnal (tapetum lucidum)
Noyau
Vertical clinging and leaping
Less dexterous hands than higher primates

47
Q

Prosimians have three groups

A

Lorisoformes (galagos (af) and lorises (as and af))
Lemurs
Tarsiers

48
Q

Lorisiformes

A

Bushbaby, lorises
Lorises slow moving cryptic movers
Bushbabies bounce, great leapers
Primitive features like sense of smell, urine armpit other ones
Social system Noyau

49
Q

Lorisiformes features

A

Primitive features
Small bodied
Nocturnal
Olfaction very important
Noyau
High degree of insectivory

50
Q

Slow loris is a good prosimian

A

(More) laterally directed orbits
Small brain
Unfused frontal bones
Unfused mandible
Toothcomb
Post-orbital bar (only)

51
Q

When No Anthropoids

A

Adapid-like migrant
OWM like
Large and Terrestrial
Ape-like
Diurnal
Large and Arboreal (suspensory)
NWM like

52
Q

Loris venomous story

A

Effects of a bite
Thought long time it was venomous
Actually a reaction similar to anaphylactic shock like cat scratch
Brachial gland, licks it, and then predators have a reaction

53
Q

Lemur gets to Africa story

A

No competition till us
Got there probably from when land split in Pangea

54
Q

5 families of lemurs

A

Lemuridae-ringtailed lemur
Megaladapidae-Sportive lemur
Cheirogalidae-Mouse lemur
Indriidae-Indri
Daubentoniidae-Aye-aye

55
Q

The indriids

A

Dental Formula 2123/2023
Lots became extinct cause we killed them all
Not intact fauna cause all big ones driven to extinction
Know above from bones with cut marks on them
Madagascar falling apart cause cutting trees, not protecting soil, washing away into ocean

56
Q

Explain general behaviors of mouse lemur

A

Small, nocturnal, noyau, arboreal

57
Q

Explain atypical ways of ring tailed lemur

A

Diurnal, terrestrial, multi male/female groups
Heavy olfaction reliance (stink fights)

58
Q

What are the features of the aye-aye

A

Most specialized of all primates
Act as woodpecker with beaver like teeth Ever growing
Bat like ears
2 claws retained from ancestral mammal
3rd digit greatly elongated and thin, ball and socket joint connected to palm rotate 360 degrees
Large brained prosimian
Only living member of family left
Massive hands and feet
Dental formula 1013/1003 Enormous incisors
Postorbital bar only
Noyau
Knaw into trees to get insects
Highly endangered cause of deforestation and people seeing them as sign of evil so kill them and display to ward off other evil

59
Q

Aye aye eating ways

A

Why it has long third finger
Tap on bark (ecolocation like), listen (with bat like ears) for grub movement, uses big beaver-like teeth to knaw at bark, uses finger to get food from hole and make hole bigger and stab food

60
Q

Tarsier

A

Looks like other prosimians
Many ways primitive (postorbital plate, large hands and feet, long tarsal bone, unfused mandibal)
Many higher primate features (almost complete post orbital plate, no tooth comb)
Many unique features (2133/1133, grooming claw on third and second digit, fused tibia and fibula)

61
Q

Circulatory feature

A

Internal carotid artery
Why care? Send blood to brain and middle ear
Lorises & galgoes (Ascending pharyngeal on internal carotid)
Lemurs (stapedial branch)
Tarsiers (Promotory)

62
Q

Moonlight

A

Many nocturnal primates reduce foraging and movement in moonlight cause diurnal animals/predators can hunt better
Tarsiers increase activity
Why?
Benefits outweigh costs (Yes more food)
Are adjustments made (Yes forage more together)

63
Q

Big Chart

A

Focus on tarsier cause share feature with both prosimians and anthropoids
Prosimian like lemurs and lorises
Haplorhini like monkeys, apes, humans

64
Q

Higher Primate in Old World (Catarrhines)
Dental Formula

A

2123

65
Q

Higher primates in New World (Platyrrhines)
Dental Formula

A

2133

66
Q

Eutherian (placental) mammal

A

Eomaia, pointy snout, 150 mya, super tiny, primitive mammalian features, some variants favored over others, primates have not diverged much from ancestor, kept many primitive characteristics, lack many derived features,

67
Q

Many things correlate with diet

A

Incisors-ingestion, pre/molars-breakdown, distribution of fruit vs leaves leaves to different size in teeth, apple need more incisor width to eat into it and flat molars, leaves need more ridged, sharp molars to break down leaves

68
Q

Four male reproductive strategies

A
  1. Fight, canines #1 intimidation factor
  2. Climbing social ladder
  3. Most sperm (sperm competition), biggest genetalia
  4. Infanticide
69
Q

Dif in social systems

A

Polygynous- 1 m milti f
Polyandrous- 1 f multi m
Polygamous- multi m/f
Monogamous- 1 m/f

70
Q

Most primates use … where few offspring are born at once, develop slow, well cared by one or both parents

A

K-selection

71
Q

Wants of dif quadrupeds

A

A: want to lower center of gravity for balance and stability
T: want to increase speed
Limbs tail and hands/feet designed for that
Limb orientation A flex T rigid

72
Q

Intermembral Index

A

H+R/F+T
Forelimb/Hindlimb
Force applied to femur, distance can leap proportional to force it takes to go
Hind limb longer = better leaper (mostly)

73
Q

Dif suspensions

A

S1 arm to arm swinging under branches
S2 Use all four limbs to move, grasp and tree sway
S3 Use of tail

74
Q

Purgatorius DF

A

3143
Why good primate ancestor

75
Q

Adapoid DF

A

2143

76
Q

Defining feature of anthropoids

A

Postorbital closure

77
Q

Two features that define an ape

A

No tail and Lower molars Y-5 (5 cusps, y in between cusps)

78
Q

Galagos

A

Super primate cause not doing bad cause very adaptive
Bush Baby
Noyau
Good leaper
Postorbital bar
Nocturnal

79
Q

Lorises

A

Small and nocturnal, slow, retina mirabilia: dense complexes of arteries and veins, allows blood to flow even when individual still for long time, Asia
Potto (an African loris) Rinarium, powerful hands and feet, Noyau, Nocturnal, small, barbs on neck and tuck head when threatened and barbs stick out

80
Q

Lemuridae
Ring tailed lemur

A

Diurnal, terrestrial prosimian, longer hind limbs, home trees and ground, VCL, Retain light-reflecting tapetum, rhinarium, usuaual because of nocturnal and diurnal adaptations, SW Mad, groups 13-15, females stay in natal groups, dominance in females, forage opportunistically, single offspring,

81
Q

Megaladapidae
Sportive Lemur

A

VCL, leaves, nocturnal, DF 0133/2133, round ears, long brown tail, S Mad, gallery forests, copes with poor diet through inactivity, solitary and pairs, dispersed polygynous, Breeding seasonal one offspring, baby parking, habitat destroyed from fires, overgrazing, humans hunting them

82
Q

Cheirogaleidae
Mouse Lemur

A

Nocturnal quadruped, long body, shor legs, small, some hibernate ~6 months, smallest living primate in world, retains numerous primitive features, females larger than males, severest predator pressure, pointed nose, large ears, big eyes, lacks scent glans, omnivores, dispersed polygyny, give birth 2-3 infants so 2 pair nipples, 1 year old can reproduce

83
Q

Indridae
Indri

A

VCL, DF 2123/2023, heavier, fully diurnal, East coast mad, rely on plants, fruits, flowers, dirt, monogamous, 1 offspring every 2-3 years

84
Q

Daubentoniidae
Aye-aye

A

DF 1013/1003, Notctunal, good luck or evil, tail long and bushy, claws except big toe, third digit thin, beaver ever growing teeth, enormous ears, Mad E coast, arboreal quadrupeds, Brain size surprisingly large for body size, dont know social organization, forage alone, one offspring at time

85
Q

Prosimian dental formula

A

2133/2133

86
Q

Prosimians

A

Tooth comb, lack closure, unfused met and low jaw, grooming claw 2nd digit, long muzzle, moist nose, VCL,

Living Primates (5 decks)

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