From Review Flashcards
Crohn’s disease s/s:
Abdominal pain, fever, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, GI bleeding, chronic diarrhea, poor growth in children, nutrient deficiencies.
Intestinal obstruction (blockage), GI sores/ulcers, fistulas thru affected area into surrounding tissues such as bladder, vagina, or skin.
Arthritis, skin probs, inflammation in eyes or mouth, kidney stones, gallstones, or other diseases of the liver and biliary system.
ulcerative colitis s/s:
Rectal bleeding Iron deficiency Diarrhea & Abdominal cramps Weight loss in severe cases Synovitis Ankylosing spondylitis Sacroiliitis Erythema nodosum Pyoderma Aphthous stomatitis Episcleritis Iritis Uric acid renal stones thromboembolic events or syndromes Mild fever Tachycardia Dehydration Malnutrition Abdominal tenderness
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) s/s:
gas, bloating, abdominal pain, cramps, spastic contractions, constipation and/or diarrhea, fecal incontinence, anxiety, back pain, mucous in the stool
National Dysphagia Diet (NDD)
4 levels
Level 1 - dysphagia pureed
Smooth pureed foods, cohesive, no lumps, homogeneous
Pudding like
No jello, fruited yogurt, peanut butter, scrambled eggs
Level 2 - dysphagia mechanically altered
Moist soft textured foods with some cohesion (easily form a bolus)
Tender ground or finely diced meats, soft tender cooked vegetables, soft fruit
No bread, dry cake, rice, cheese cubes, corn, peas, pineapple
Level 3 - dysphagia advanced
Nearly regular diet- no hard, crunchy, very dry, or sticky (adhesive) foods
Level 4 - regular diet
Viscosity
resistance to flow or the rate of flow per unit force. units= centipose (cP)
foods that decrease LES sphincter pressure
(or irritate the esophagus) High fat foods Alcohol Coffee/caffeine Chocolate Smoking Peppermint/spearmint! Acid foods like citrus or tomatoes Hot spicy foods mustard Pepper Red wine Carbonated beverages
meds that decrease LES sphincter pressure
Meds such as: Estrogen Progesterone Valium L-dopa narcotics
factors that increase LES sphincter pressure
High protein intake
Metoclopramide (reglan)- speed gastric emptying
pyrosis - define
heartburn
pyrosis - complications
is a s/s of GERD. burning sensation in the upper abdomen
GERD - cause/risk factors
factors that lower LES pressure (fat, alcohol, mint, spicy, soda, valium, L-dopa), gastric acidity, surgery fundoplication.
GERD - MNT
avoid overeating, large fluid intake, constipation.
do not recline 2-3 hr after meals
avoid running, aspirin in some ppl.
add factors that raise LES pressure (high pro intake)/speed gastric emptying (metoclopramide [Reglan])
GERD - decrease gastric acid OTC meds
histamine receptor blockers - nizatidine (Axid), famotidine (Pepcid), cimetidine (Tagamet), or ranitidine (Zantac).
Antacids - Mylanta, Maalox Tums, Rolaids. Gaviscon-foams and decreases esophageal acid reflux.
GERD - decrease gastric acid PRES meds
PPI’s: work best to decrease acid production: esomeprazole (Nexium), lasoprazole (Prevacid), (omeprazole (Prilosec), pantoprazole (Protonix), rabeprozole (Acidphex), dexlansoprazole (Dexilant)
GERD - define
Lack of adequate LES closure and back flow of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus due to low LES pressure.
GERD - s/s
Pyrosis (heartburn) Dysphagia Pulmonary symptoms/aspiration Chest pain Burning throat bitter or sour taste of the acid in the back of the throat
define diverticulosis
small pouches in the colon that bulge outward through weak spots in the colon wall
diverticulosis - complications
may be asymptomatic or cause abdominal distress
diverticulosis - cause/risk factors
chronic constipation
low fiber diet
diverticulosis - MNT
high fiber diet to increase stool volume & softness.
stool softener meds like colase.
wheat bran as laxative but increase intake gradually to decrease gas, bloating, and discomfort.
MD prescribed fiber laxatives.
diverticulosis - avoid?
physicians recommend avoid nuts, popcorn, sunflower, pumpkin, caraway, sesame seeds. BUT no proof and 1 study found opp effect that eating these foods lessens the risk of diverticulosis.
Diverticulitis - define
pouches in colon become inflamed or infected due to trapped bacteria or irritants
Diverticulitis - s/s
abdominal pain and spasms, distension, n/v, constipation or diarrhea, chills, fever, bleeding, fistulas, obstruction
Diverticulitis - MNT
Bowel rest with IV hydration
Antibiotics
NPO, low residue or elemental diet, TPN may be used depending on nutritional status, anticipated length of time NPO, peritonitis, fistulas, and obstructions.
May need surgery to remove part of the colon.
After the acute episode is over and full recovery has occurred, the patient can gradually resume the high fiber diet.
Diverticulitis - meds
antibiotics: typically combine ciprofloxacin {flouroquinolone}, (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and metronidazole.
Amoxicillin penicillin monotherapy is acceptable as well.
Gluten sensitive enteropathy (celiac) - define
Sensitivity to gluten in wheat, spelt, triticale, kamut, rye, barley, and possibly oats that causes the pt’s immune system to damage their intestines.
Celiac (Non-Tropical Sprue) - risk factors
Usually has a childhood onset but occasionally begins in adulthood.
Genetic disorder that is highest in populations that consume wheat - 1 in 133 Americans.
unknown cause, Caucasian & Europeans, more in women.
GSE - diagnosis
Blood test for IgA endomysial antibodies (EMA), IgA tissue transglutaminase (tTG), IgG tissue transglutaminase and Total IgA antibodies.
Endoscopy and small bowel biopsy.
GSE - s/s
diarrhea, fatigue, cramping, weakness, bloating, flatus, dehydration, electrolyte depletion or acidosis, rectal prolapse, clubbed fingers. failure to grow, weight loss or failure to gain weight irritability and inability to concentrate
*Steatorrhea with foul, floating, clay-colored, light tan or gray; highly rancid and frothy stools.
GSE - refractory iron def anemia
PEM, muscle wasting, rickets, back pain as a result of a collapsed lumbar vertabrae; osteopenic bone disease; hyperparathyroidism; amenorrhea, fat soluble vitamin deficiencies
GSE - complications
dermatitis herpetiformis- skin rash with or without GI symptoms.
Stomatitis and recurrent aphthous ulcers.
Increased cancer risk (lymphomas & GI tract) especially if gluten is consumed.
GSE - risk factors
More common in people with autoimmune disorders such as Grave’s disease, type 1 diabetes, Sjogren’s disease, collagen diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, IgA deficiency.
May occur without GI symptoms and can cause osteoporosis, nervous system disorders, pancreatic or liver problems, internal bleeding.
Gluten free diet
Some doctors recommend the complete avoidance of gluten/gliadin and dairy products when this allergy is suspected in cases of Graves’ disease or other autoimmune disease.”
CONCLUSIONS: “The greater frequency of thyroid disease among celiac disease patients justifies a thyroid functional assessment. In distinct cases, gluten withdrawal may single-handedly reverse the abnormality.”
Celiac - MNT
Avoid all wheat (gliadin), spelt, triticale, kamut, rye (secalin), barley (hordein), and maybe oats
Celiac - what to eat
*Check all labels carefully as for example some cereals that say RICE WHATEVERS may have some wheat in them.
Plain meat, fish, rice, fruits, and vegetables and potato, rice, soy, or bean flour are OK. Or gluten-free bread, pasta, and other products can be bought from specialty food companies
Gluten sensitivity
diff from celiac. 6% of population. s/s: ab pain similar to IBS, fatigue, headaches, brain fog, tingling in extremities.
radiation enteritis - define
damage to the lining of the intestines (bowels) caused by radiation therapy, a type of cancer treatment.
radiation enteritis - an ex of
exudative diarrhea gut inflammation that results in excretion of blood, mucus, plasma proteins, and electrolytes.
radiation enteritis - SBS
Short Bowel Syndrome: cause for removal of part or all of the SI. other causes: thromboses/bowel necrosis, strangulated hernias, Crohn’s, trauma, cancer, necrotizing enterocolitis/infection.
Menetrier’s disease - aka
hyperplastic hypersecretory gastropathy
Menetrier’s disease - define
a rare, acquired, premalignant disease of the stomach characterized by massive gastric folds, excessive mucous production with resultant protein loss, and little or no acid production.
Menetrier’s disease - a cause of
gastritis - inflammation of stomach lining
pro rec in Menetrier’s disease or hypertrophic gastritis management
high protein diet (20% kcals) is recommended as albumin is low
gastritis - most common cause
Helicobacter pylori.
WBC appear in stomach lining in response to H. pylori bacteria, leading to gastritis.